Elliptic and Quadrangular Flow of Protons in the High-Baryon-Density Region
The collective flow provides valuable insights into the anisotropic expansion of particles produced in heavy-ion collisions and is sensitive to the equation of the state of nuclear matter in high-baryon-density regions. In this paper, we use the hadronic transport model SMASH to investigate the elli...
Saved in:
| Main Authors: | , , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
MDPI AG
2025-01-01
|
| Series: | Universe |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2218-1997/11/1/27 |
| Tags: |
Add Tag
No Tags, Be the first to tag this record!
|
| _version_ | 1832587349418049536 |
|---|---|
| author | Shaowei Lan Zuowen Liu Like Liu Shusu Shi |
| author_facet | Shaowei Lan Zuowen Liu Like Liu Shusu Shi |
| author_sort | Shaowei Lan |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The collective flow provides valuable insights into the anisotropic expansion of particles produced in heavy-ion collisions and is sensitive to the equation of the state of nuclear matter in high-baryon-density regions. In this paper, we use the hadronic transport model SMASH to investigate the elliptic flow (<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msub><mi>v</mi><mn>2</mn></msub></semantics></math></inline-formula>), quadrangular flow (<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msub><mi>v</mi><mn>4</mn></msub></semantics></math></inline-formula>), and their ratio (<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>v</mi><mn>4</mn></msub><mo>/</mo><msubsup><mi>v</mi><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow><mn>2</mn></msubsup></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>) in Au+Au collisions at high baryon density. Our results show that the inclusion of baryonic mean-field potential in the model successfully reproduces experimental data from the HADES experiment, indicating that baryonic interactions play an important role in shaping anisotropic flow. In addition to comparing the transverse momentum (<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msub><mi>p</mi><mi>T</mi></msub></semantics></math></inline-formula>), rapidity, and centrality dependence of <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>v</mi><mn>4</mn></msub><mo>/</mo><msubsup><mi>v</mi><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow><mn>2</mn></msubsup></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> between HADES data and model calculations, we also explore its time evolution and energy dependence across <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><msqrt><msub><mi>s</mi><mrow><mi>N</mi><mi>N</mi></mrow></msub></msqrt><mo>=</mo></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> 2.4 to 4.5 GeV. While the ratio <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>v</mi><mn>4</mn></msub><mo>/</mo><msubsup><mi>v</mi><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow><mn>2</mn></msubsup></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> for high-<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msub><mi>p</mi><mi>T</mi></msub></semantics></math></inline-formula> particles approaches 0.5, which aligns with expectations from hydrodynamic behavior, we emphasize that this result primarily reflects agreement with the HADES measurements rather than a definitive indication of ideal fluid behavior. These findings contribute to understanding the early-stage dynamics in heavy-ion collisions at high baryon density. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-4713f12fa9b34074a86ad4bdee936100 |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2218-1997 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-01-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Universe |
| spelling | doaj-art-4713f12fa9b34074a86ad4bdee9361002025-01-24T13:51:32ZengMDPI AGUniverse2218-19972025-01-011112710.3390/universe11010027Elliptic and Quadrangular Flow of Protons in the High-Baryon-Density RegionShaowei Lan0Zuowen Liu1Like Liu2Shusu Shi3School of Electrical and Mechanical Engineering, Pingdingshan University, Pingdingshan 467000, ChinaKey Laboratory of Quark and Lepton Physics (MOE) and Institute of Particle Physics, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, ChinaKey Laboratory of Quark and Lepton Physics (MOE) and Institute of Particle Physics, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, ChinaKey Laboratory of Quark and Lepton Physics (MOE) and Institute of Particle Physics, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, ChinaThe collective flow provides valuable insights into the anisotropic expansion of particles produced in heavy-ion collisions and is sensitive to the equation of the state of nuclear matter in high-baryon-density regions. In this paper, we use the hadronic transport model SMASH to investigate the elliptic flow (<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msub><mi>v</mi><mn>2</mn></msub></semantics></math></inline-formula>), quadrangular flow (<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msub><mi>v</mi><mn>4</mn></msub></semantics></math></inline-formula>), and their ratio (<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>v</mi><mn>4</mn></msub><mo>/</mo><msubsup><mi>v</mi><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow><mn>2</mn></msubsup></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>) in Au+Au collisions at high baryon density. Our results show that the inclusion of baryonic mean-field potential in the model successfully reproduces experimental data from the HADES experiment, indicating that baryonic interactions play an important role in shaping anisotropic flow. In addition to comparing the transverse momentum (<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msub><mi>p</mi><mi>T</mi></msub></semantics></math></inline-formula>), rapidity, and centrality dependence of <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>v</mi><mn>4</mn></msub><mo>/</mo><msubsup><mi>v</mi><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow><mn>2</mn></msubsup></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> between HADES data and model calculations, we also explore its time evolution and energy dependence across <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><msqrt><msub><mi>s</mi><mrow><mi>N</mi><mi>N</mi></mrow></msub></msqrt><mo>=</mo></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> 2.4 to 4.5 GeV. While the ratio <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>v</mi><mn>4</mn></msub><mo>/</mo><msubsup><mi>v</mi><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow><mn>2</mn></msubsup></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> for high-<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msub><mi>p</mi><mi>T</mi></msub></semantics></math></inline-formula> particles approaches 0.5, which aligns with expectations from hydrodynamic behavior, we emphasize that this result primarily reflects agreement with the HADES measurements rather than a definitive indication of ideal fluid behavior. These findings contribute to understanding the early-stage dynamics in heavy-ion collisions at high baryon density.https://www.mdpi.com/2218-1997/11/1/27heavy-ion collisionsSMASHelliptic flowquadrangular flowhigh baryon density |
| spellingShingle | Shaowei Lan Zuowen Liu Like Liu Shusu Shi Elliptic and Quadrangular Flow of Protons in the High-Baryon-Density Region Universe heavy-ion collisions SMASH elliptic flow quadrangular flow high baryon density |
| title | Elliptic and Quadrangular Flow of Protons in the High-Baryon-Density Region |
| title_full | Elliptic and Quadrangular Flow of Protons in the High-Baryon-Density Region |
| title_fullStr | Elliptic and Quadrangular Flow of Protons in the High-Baryon-Density Region |
| title_full_unstemmed | Elliptic and Quadrangular Flow of Protons in the High-Baryon-Density Region |
| title_short | Elliptic and Quadrangular Flow of Protons in the High-Baryon-Density Region |
| title_sort | elliptic and quadrangular flow of protons in the high baryon density region |
| topic | heavy-ion collisions SMASH elliptic flow quadrangular flow high baryon density |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2218-1997/11/1/27 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT shaoweilan ellipticandquadrangularflowofprotonsinthehighbaryondensityregion AT zuowenliu ellipticandquadrangularflowofprotonsinthehighbaryondensityregion AT likeliu ellipticandquadrangularflowofprotonsinthehighbaryondensityregion AT shusushi ellipticandquadrangularflowofprotonsinthehighbaryondensityregion |