Effects of Stocking Density on Fatty Acid and Amino Acid Composition in Muscle, Serum Cortisol, Stress and Immune Response in Large Yellow Croaker (<i>Larimichthys crocea</i>)
To explore the effect of density on large yellow croaker (<i>Larimichthys crocea</i>) under intensive aquaculture conditions and determine the appropriate culturing density, this study investigate the effects of different stocking densities on the nutritional composition, stress, and imm...
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2024-12-01
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| Series: | Journal of Marine Science and Engineering |
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| author | Youbin Yu Liang Wang Wenyun Huang Duo Yu Qiaoxuan Sun Mingcao Cui |
| author_facet | Youbin Yu Liang Wang Wenyun Huang Duo Yu Qiaoxuan Sun Mingcao Cui |
| author_sort | Youbin Yu |
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| description | To explore the effect of density on large yellow croaker (<i>Larimichthys crocea</i>) under intensive aquaculture conditions and determine the appropriate culturing density, this study investigate the effects of different stocking densities on the nutritional composition, stress, and immune levels of large yellow croaker. Through a long-term aquaculture experiment, conducted under flow-through conditions of intensive aquaculture, three initial density groups were set: a low density group [LD], 4.92 kg/m<sup>3</sup>; a medium density group [MD], 7.56 kg/m<sup>3</sup>; and a high density group [HD], 10.08 kg/m<sup>3</sup>, for a 150-day rearing trial. Large yellow croaker were fed to satiation twice daily (6:00, 17:00). At the end of this trial, the final densities were 10.38 ± 0.50, 14.41 ± 1.06, and 18.71 ± 0.99 kg/m<sup>3</sup> in the LD, MD, and HD groups, respectively. The results showed that the growth performances were adversely influenced by a high stocking density. Levels of cortisol in serum, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) in liver, Na<sup>+</sup>-K<sup>+</sup> ATPase and Na<sup>+</sup>-K<sup>+</sup> ATPase gene in gills, and heat shock protein (HSP70/90) genes and glutathione S-transferase (GST) genes in the liver significantly increased under HD treatment. Results of immune response analyses showed that there was a clear decrease in immunoglobulin M (IgM), complement component 4 (C4), and lysozyme (LZM) in serum, lysozyme (LZM) genes, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) genes and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) genes in the head kidney of large yellow croakers reared in the HD group. An obvious increase in free amino acids and fatty acids in the muscle of large yellow croakers reared in HD group was also observed. Overall, this study showed that the optimal final culturing density of large yellow croaker under flow-through systems should be between 14.41 kg/m<sup>3</sup> and 18.71 kg/m<sup>3</sup> to improve aquaculture efficiency and product quality. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-4378cbb833214fc6a204d3771432094d |
| institution | Kabale University |
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| spelling | doaj-art-4378cbb833214fc6a204d3771432094d2025-01-24T13:36:37ZengMDPI AGJournal of Marine Science and Engineering2077-13122024-12-011313610.3390/jmse13010036Effects of Stocking Density on Fatty Acid and Amino Acid Composition in Muscle, Serum Cortisol, Stress and Immune Response in Large Yellow Croaker (<i>Larimichthys crocea</i>)Youbin Yu0Liang Wang1Wenyun Huang2Duo Yu3Qiaoxuan Sun4Mingcao Cui5Key Laboratory of Fishery Equipment and Engineering, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Fishery Machinery and Instrument Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Shanghai 200092, ChinaKey Laboratory of Fishery Equipment and Engineering, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Fishery Machinery and Instrument Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Shanghai 200092, ChinaKey Laboratory of Fishery Equipment and Engineering, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Fishery Machinery and Instrument Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Shanghai 200092, ChinaKey Laboratory of Fishery Equipment and Engineering, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Fishery Machinery and Instrument Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Shanghai 200092, ChinaYellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, ChinaKey Laboratory of Fishery Equipment and Engineering, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Fishery Machinery and Instrument Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Shanghai 200092, ChinaTo explore the effect of density on large yellow croaker (<i>Larimichthys crocea</i>) under intensive aquaculture conditions and determine the appropriate culturing density, this study investigate the effects of different stocking densities on the nutritional composition, stress, and immune levels of large yellow croaker. Through a long-term aquaculture experiment, conducted under flow-through conditions of intensive aquaculture, three initial density groups were set: a low density group [LD], 4.92 kg/m<sup>3</sup>; a medium density group [MD], 7.56 kg/m<sup>3</sup>; and a high density group [HD], 10.08 kg/m<sup>3</sup>, for a 150-day rearing trial. Large yellow croaker were fed to satiation twice daily (6:00, 17:00). At the end of this trial, the final densities were 10.38 ± 0.50, 14.41 ± 1.06, and 18.71 ± 0.99 kg/m<sup>3</sup> in the LD, MD, and HD groups, respectively. The results showed that the growth performances were adversely influenced by a high stocking density. Levels of cortisol in serum, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) in liver, Na<sup>+</sup>-K<sup>+</sup> ATPase and Na<sup>+</sup>-K<sup>+</sup> ATPase gene in gills, and heat shock protein (HSP70/90) genes and glutathione S-transferase (GST) genes in the liver significantly increased under HD treatment. Results of immune response analyses showed that there was a clear decrease in immunoglobulin M (IgM), complement component 4 (C4), and lysozyme (LZM) in serum, lysozyme (LZM) genes, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) genes and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) genes in the head kidney of large yellow croakers reared in the HD group. An obvious increase in free amino acids and fatty acids in the muscle of large yellow croakers reared in HD group was also observed. Overall, this study showed that the optimal final culturing density of large yellow croaker under flow-through systems should be between 14.41 kg/m<sup>3</sup> and 18.71 kg/m<sup>3</sup> to improve aquaculture efficiency and product quality.https://www.mdpi.com/2077-1312/13/1/36large yellow croakerstocking densityfatty acid and amino acid compositioncortisolstress and immunity responses |
| spellingShingle | Youbin Yu Liang Wang Wenyun Huang Duo Yu Qiaoxuan Sun Mingcao Cui Effects of Stocking Density on Fatty Acid and Amino Acid Composition in Muscle, Serum Cortisol, Stress and Immune Response in Large Yellow Croaker (<i>Larimichthys crocea</i>) Journal of Marine Science and Engineering large yellow croaker stocking density fatty acid and amino acid composition cortisol stress and immunity responses |
| title | Effects of Stocking Density on Fatty Acid and Amino Acid Composition in Muscle, Serum Cortisol, Stress and Immune Response in Large Yellow Croaker (<i>Larimichthys crocea</i>) |
| title_full | Effects of Stocking Density on Fatty Acid and Amino Acid Composition in Muscle, Serum Cortisol, Stress and Immune Response in Large Yellow Croaker (<i>Larimichthys crocea</i>) |
| title_fullStr | Effects of Stocking Density on Fatty Acid and Amino Acid Composition in Muscle, Serum Cortisol, Stress and Immune Response in Large Yellow Croaker (<i>Larimichthys crocea</i>) |
| title_full_unstemmed | Effects of Stocking Density on Fatty Acid and Amino Acid Composition in Muscle, Serum Cortisol, Stress and Immune Response in Large Yellow Croaker (<i>Larimichthys crocea</i>) |
| title_short | Effects of Stocking Density on Fatty Acid and Amino Acid Composition in Muscle, Serum Cortisol, Stress and Immune Response in Large Yellow Croaker (<i>Larimichthys crocea</i>) |
| title_sort | effects of stocking density on fatty acid and amino acid composition in muscle serum cortisol stress and immune response in large yellow croaker i larimichthys crocea i |
| topic | large yellow croaker stocking density fatty acid and amino acid composition cortisol stress and immunity responses |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2077-1312/13/1/36 |
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