Spatiotemporal patterns and driving factors of NDVI changes in the central and Western Asia economic corridor over the past decade
The Central and West Asia Economic Corridor (CWAEC) is a critical component of the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), and that vegetation changes in the region are under significant uncertainty due to fragile ecological conditions, diverse climatic variability, and that these uncertainties are compound...
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Frontiers Media S.A.
2025-01-01
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| Series: | Frontiers in Environmental Science |
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| Online Access: | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fenvs.2025.1546190/full |
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| author | Kaimin Wang Kaimin Wang Min Xu Shaohua Wang Lin Wang Haijing Tian Sornkitja Boonprong Xiaotong Gao Xiaotong Gao Xinwei Yang Heyi Guo Heyi Guo Jingbo Li Jingbo Li Yujie Yang Yujie Yang Ruichen Hu Ruichen Hu Yu Zhang Yu Zhang Chunxiang Cao |
| author_facet | Kaimin Wang Kaimin Wang Min Xu Shaohua Wang Lin Wang Haijing Tian Sornkitja Boonprong Xiaotong Gao Xiaotong Gao Xinwei Yang Heyi Guo Heyi Guo Jingbo Li Jingbo Li Yujie Yang Yujie Yang Ruichen Hu Ruichen Hu Yu Zhang Yu Zhang Chunxiang Cao |
| author_sort | Kaimin Wang |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The Central and West Asia Economic Corridor (CWAEC) is a critical component of the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), and that vegetation changes in the region are under significant uncertainty due to fragile ecological conditions, diverse climatic variability, and that these uncertainties are compounded by the interaction of natural factors and human activities. For the sustainable development of the CWAEC, it is urgent to pay attention to its regional environmental health. Using MOD13A3 NDVI data and ERA5 meteorological reanalysis data, this study evaluated the spatiotemporal changes in NDVI across the CWAEC over the past decade of BRI implementation. A trend analysis method was applied to assess NDVI development, and the relative impacts of climate change and human activities were explored through a multivariate regression residual analysis. The results revealed a declining trend in NDVI across the CWAEC, with an average rate of −0.26 × 10⁻2 a⁻1, and 50.74% of the region exhibiting insignificant degradation. Significant degradation was observed in the hilly areas of northern Kazakhstan, the low-altitude areas bordering the Tian Shan and Hindu Kush mountains, and the central part of the corridor. Conversely, significant restoration was concentrated in the hinterland of Kazakhstan and the coastal areas of the Caspian Sea. Climate change inhibited NDVI changes in 65.24% of the region, while human activities facilitated changes in 49.64%, indicating that the variations in NDVI were primarily driven by the combined effects of these factors. This study identifies the key drivers of NDVI changes in the CWAEC since the implementation of the BRI, provides scientific evidence to support the sustainable development of green BRI initiatives, and offers valuable insights for future ecological restoration and engineering projects within the corridor. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-4165a081281e43c38752f0b1f601105f |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2296-665X |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-01-01 |
| publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Frontiers in Environmental Science |
| spelling | doaj-art-4165a081281e43c38752f0b1f601105f2025-01-31T06:40:39ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Environmental Science2296-665X2025-01-011310.3389/fenvs.2025.15461901546190Spatiotemporal patterns and driving factors of NDVI changes in the central and Western Asia economic corridor over the past decadeKaimin Wang0Kaimin Wang1Min Xu2Shaohua Wang3Lin Wang4Haijing Tian5Sornkitja Boonprong6Xiaotong Gao7Xiaotong Gao8Xinwei Yang9Heyi Guo10Heyi Guo11Jingbo Li12Jingbo Li13Yujie Yang14Yujie Yang15Ruichen Hu16Ruichen Hu17Yu Zhang18Yu Zhang19Chunxiang Cao20Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing and Digital Earth, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, ChinaUniversity of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, ChinaKey Laboratory of Remote Sensing and Digital Earth, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, ChinaKey Laboratory of Remote Sensing and Digital Earth, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, ChinaAcademy of Forestry Inventory and Planning, State Forestry and Grassland Administration, Beijing, ChinaAcademy of Forestry Inventory and Planning, State Forestry and Grassland Administration, Beijing, ChinaFaculty of Social Sciences, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, ThailandKey Laboratory of Remote Sensing and Digital Earth, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, ChinaUniversity of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, ChinaKey Laboratory of Remote Sensing and Digital Earth, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, ChinaKey Laboratory of Remote Sensing and Digital Earth, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, ChinaUniversity of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, ChinaKey Laboratory of Remote Sensing and Digital Earth, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, ChinaUniversity of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, ChinaKey Laboratory of Remote Sensing and Digital Earth, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, ChinaUniversity of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, ChinaKey Laboratory of Remote Sensing and Digital Earth, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, ChinaUniversity of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, ChinaKey Laboratory of Remote Sensing and Digital Earth, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, ChinaUniversity of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, ChinaKey Laboratory of Remote Sensing and Digital Earth, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, ChinaThe Central and West Asia Economic Corridor (CWAEC) is a critical component of the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), and that vegetation changes in the region are under significant uncertainty due to fragile ecological conditions, diverse climatic variability, and that these uncertainties are compounded by the interaction of natural factors and human activities. For the sustainable development of the CWAEC, it is urgent to pay attention to its regional environmental health. Using MOD13A3 NDVI data and ERA5 meteorological reanalysis data, this study evaluated the spatiotemporal changes in NDVI across the CWAEC over the past decade of BRI implementation. A trend analysis method was applied to assess NDVI development, and the relative impacts of climate change and human activities were explored through a multivariate regression residual analysis. The results revealed a declining trend in NDVI across the CWAEC, with an average rate of −0.26 × 10⁻2 a⁻1, and 50.74% of the region exhibiting insignificant degradation. Significant degradation was observed in the hilly areas of northern Kazakhstan, the low-altitude areas bordering the Tian Shan and Hindu Kush mountains, and the central part of the corridor. Conversely, significant restoration was concentrated in the hinterland of Kazakhstan and the coastal areas of the Caspian Sea. Climate change inhibited NDVI changes in 65.24% of the region, while human activities facilitated changes in 49.64%, indicating that the variations in NDVI were primarily driven by the combined effects of these factors. This study identifies the key drivers of NDVI changes in the CWAEC since the implementation of the BRI, provides scientific evidence to support the sustainable development of green BRI initiatives, and offers valuable insights for future ecological restoration and engineering projects within the corridor.https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fenvs.2025.1546190/fullcentral and west asiamultivariate regression residual analysisdriving forcesNDVI changebelt and road initiativesclimate change |
| spellingShingle | Kaimin Wang Kaimin Wang Min Xu Shaohua Wang Lin Wang Haijing Tian Sornkitja Boonprong Xiaotong Gao Xiaotong Gao Xinwei Yang Heyi Guo Heyi Guo Jingbo Li Jingbo Li Yujie Yang Yujie Yang Ruichen Hu Ruichen Hu Yu Zhang Yu Zhang Chunxiang Cao Spatiotemporal patterns and driving factors of NDVI changes in the central and Western Asia economic corridor over the past decade Frontiers in Environmental Science central and west asia multivariate regression residual analysis driving forces NDVI change belt and road initiatives climate change |
| title | Spatiotemporal patterns and driving factors of NDVI changes in the central and Western Asia economic corridor over the past decade |
| title_full | Spatiotemporal patterns and driving factors of NDVI changes in the central and Western Asia economic corridor over the past decade |
| title_fullStr | Spatiotemporal patterns and driving factors of NDVI changes in the central and Western Asia economic corridor over the past decade |
| title_full_unstemmed | Spatiotemporal patterns and driving factors of NDVI changes in the central and Western Asia economic corridor over the past decade |
| title_short | Spatiotemporal patterns and driving factors of NDVI changes in the central and Western Asia economic corridor over the past decade |
| title_sort | spatiotemporal patterns and driving factors of ndvi changes in the central and western asia economic corridor over the past decade |
| topic | central and west asia multivariate regression residual analysis driving forces NDVI change belt and road initiatives climate change |
| url | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fenvs.2025.1546190/full |
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