X-Linked Autism Type 9 Caused by a Hemizygote Pathogenic Variant in the TMLHE Gene: Etiological Diagnosis in an Adult Male with Moderate Intellectual Disability
Willem MA Verhoeven,1– 3 Rolph Pfundt,4,5 Udo FH Engelke,6 Leo AJ Kluijtmans,6 Jos IM Egger3– 5 1Department of Psychiatry, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; 2Centre for Consultation and Expertise, Utrecht, The Netherlands; 3Vincent van Gogh Centre of Excellence for Neuro...
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Dove Medical Press
2025-01-01
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| author | Verhoeven WM Pfundt R Engelke UF Kluijtmans LA Egger JI |
| author_facet | Verhoeven WM Pfundt R Engelke UF Kluijtmans LA Egger JI |
| author_sort | Verhoeven WM |
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| description | Willem MA Verhoeven,1– 3 Rolph Pfundt,4,5 Udo FH Engelke,6 Leo AJ Kluijtmans,6 Jos IM Egger3– 5 1Department of Psychiatry, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; 2Centre for Consultation and Expertise, Utrecht, The Netherlands; 3Vincent van Gogh Centre of Excellence for Neuropsychiatry, Venray, The Netherlands; 4Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; 5Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; 6Department of Human Genetics, Translational Metabolic Laboratory, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The NetherlandsCorrespondence: Willem MA Verhoeven, Email wmaverhoeven@planet.nlIntroduction: Levocarnitine is essential for brain functioning and fatty acid metabolism and stems largely from dietary sources. The Epsilon-Trimethyllysine Hydroxylase (TMLHE) gene encodes the enzyme N-Trimethyllysine hydroxylase (TMLH) which catalyses the first step in the biosynthesis of carnitine. Lack of TMLH enzyme activity is associated with developmental delay and autistic behaviours described as X-linked recessive autism, type 6 (OMIM#300872).Patient and Methods: Here, an institutionalized adult male patient with intellectual disability, autism, and challenging behaviours is presented in whom genetic analysis disclosed a novel pathogenic variant in the TMLHE gene. Extensive somatic, neurological, psychiatric, and neuropsychological investigations were performed next to examination of hematological and biochemical parameters including plasma carnitine status. Also, Whole Exome Sequencing (WES) and Next-Generation Metabolic Screening (NGMS) were performed.Results: Moderate intellectual disability along with obsessive and aggressive behaviour in the context of autism spectrum disorders was established as well as symptoms from the catatonic spectrum. With WES, a novel variant in the TMHLE gene was identified and using NGMS, increased concentration of trimethyllysine and decreased concentration of γ-butyrobetaine were found resulting in a significantly decreased BB/TML ratio, confirming the pathogenicity of this variant.Conclusion: X-linked autism type 6 is characterized by moderate intellectual disability and symptoms from the autism spectrum in the absence of any dysmorphisms. To prevent regressive autistic episodes in young children, it is highly recommended to consider next-generation sequencing techniques as the first step in the differential diagnostic process of autism.Keywords: epsilon-trimethyllysine hydroxylase gene, TMLHE, levocarnitine, autism, intellectual disability, contextual neuropsychology, psychopathology |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-404ec975cede41ee8e52272c27392d44 |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 1179-142X |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-01-01 |
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| series | International Medical Case Reports Journal |
| spelling | doaj-art-404ec975cede41ee8e52272c27392d442025-01-19T16:42:59ZengDove Medical PressInternational Medical Case Reports Journal1179-142X2025-01-01Volume 1811111699363X-Linked Autism Type 9 Caused by a Hemizygote Pathogenic Variant in the TMLHE Gene: Etiological Diagnosis in an Adult Male with Moderate Intellectual DisabilityVerhoeven WMPfundt REngelke UFKluijtmans LAEgger JIWillem MA Verhoeven,1– 3 Rolph Pfundt,4,5 Udo FH Engelke,6 Leo AJ Kluijtmans,6 Jos IM Egger3– 5 1Department of Psychiatry, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; 2Centre for Consultation and Expertise, Utrecht, The Netherlands; 3Vincent van Gogh Centre of Excellence for Neuropsychiatry, Venray, The Netherlands; 4Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; 5Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; 6Department of Human Genetics, Translational Metabolic Laboratory, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The NetherlandsCorrespondence: Willem MA Verhoeven, Email wmaverhoeven@planet.nlIntroduction: Levocarnitine is essential for brain functioning and fatty acid metabolism and stems largely from dietary sources. The Epsilon-Trimethyllysine Hydroxylase (TMLHE) gene encodes the enzyme N-Trimethyllysine hydroxylase (TMLH) which catalyses the first step in the biosynthesis of carnitine. Lack of TMLH enzyme activity is associated with developmental delay and autistic behaviours described as X-linked recessive autism, type 6 (OMIM#300872).Patient and Methods: Here, an institutionalized adult male patient with intellectual disability, autism, and challenging behaviours is presented in whom genetic analysis disclosed a novel pathogenic variant in the TMLHE gene. Extensive somatic, neurological, psychiatric, and neuropsychological investigations were performed next to examination of hematological and biochemical parameters including plasma carnitine status. Also, Whole Exome Sequencing (WES) and Next-Generation Metabolic Screening (NGMS) were performed.Results: Moderate intellectual disability along with obsessive and aggressive behaviour in the context of autism spectrum disorders was established as well as symptoms from the catatonic spectrum. With WES, a novel variant in the TMHLE gene was identified and using NGMS, increased concentration of trimethyllysine and decreased concentration of γ-butyrobetaine were found resulting in a significantly decreased BB/TML ratio, confirming the pathogenicity of this variant.Conclusion: X-linked autism type 6 is characterized by moderate intellectual disability and symptoms from the autism spectrum in the absence of any dysmorphisms. To prevent regressive autistic episodes in young children, it is highly recommended to consider next-generation sequencing techniques as the first step in the differential diagnostic process of autism.Keywords: epsilon-trimethyllysine hydroxylase gene, TMLHE, levocarnitine, autism, intellectual disability, contextual neuropsychology, psychopathologyhttps://www.dovepress.com/x-linked-autism-type-9-caused-by-a-hemizygote-pathogenic-variant-in-th-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-IMCRJepsilon-trimethyllysine hydroxylase genetmlhelevocarnitineautismintellectual disabilitycontextual neuropsychologypsychopathology. |
| spellingShingle | Verhoeven WM Pfundt R Engelke UF Kluijtmans LA Egger JI X-Linked Autism Type 9 Caused by a Hemizygote Pathogenic Variant in the TMLHE Gene: Etiological Diagnosis in an Adult Male with Moderate Intellectual Disability International Medical Case Reports Journal epsilon-trimethyllysine hydroxylase gene tmlhe levocarnitine autism intellectual disability contextual neuropsychology psychopathology. |
| title | X-Linked Autism Type 9 Caused by a Hemizygote Pathogenic Variant in the TMLHE Gene: Etiological Diagnosis in an Adult Male with Moderate Intellectual Disability |
| title_full | X-Linked Autism Type 9 Caused by a Hemizygote Pathogenic Variant in the TMLHE Gene: Etiological Diagnosis in an Adult Male with Moderate Intellectual Disability |
| title_fullStr | X-Linked Autism Type 9 Caused by a Hemizygote Pathogenic Variant in the TMLHE Gene: Etiological Diagnosis in an Adult Male with Moderate Intellectual Disability |
| title_full_unstemmed | X-Linked Autism Type 9 Caused by a Hemizygote Pathogenic Variant in the TMLHE Gene: Etiological Diagnosis in an Adult Male with Moderate Intellectual Disability |
| title_short | X-Linked Autism Type 9 Caused by a Hemizygote Pathogenic Variant in the TMLHE Gene: Etiological Diagnosis in an Adult Male with Moderate Intellectual Disability |
| title_sort | x linked autism type 9 caused by a hemizygote pathogenic variant in the tmlhe gene etiological diagnosis in an adult male with moderate intellectual disability |
| topic | epsilon-trimethyllysine hydroxylase gene tmlhe levocarnitine autism intellectual disability contextual neuropsychology psychopathology. |
| url | https://www.dovepress.com/x-linked-autism-type-9-caused-by-a-hemizygote-pathogenic-variant-in-th-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-IMCRJ |
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