Coordinated frequency modulation strategy considering source–load uncertainty
IntroductionWind turbine generators (WTGs) and electric vehicles (EVs) are used as source-side and load-side resources, respectively. And the uncertainties of WTGs output and EVs charging load seriously affect the frequency stability of the power system. For the wind speed prediction error and the u...
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Frontiers Media S.A.
2025-02-01
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| Series: | Frontiers in Energy Research |
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| Online Access: | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fenrg.2024.1497430/full |
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| author | Xiaohong Dong Shuo Wang Dengxin Ai Yang Ma Xiaodan Yu |
| author_facet | Xiaohong Dong Shuo Wang Dengxin Ai Yang Ma Xiaodan Yu |
| author_sort | Xiaohong Dong |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | IntroductionWind turbine generators (WTGs) and electric vehicles (EVs) are used as source-side and load-side resources, respectively. And the uncertainties of WTGs output and EVs charging load seriously affect the frequency stability of the power system. For the wind speed prediction error and the uncertainty of EV off-grid time, a cooperative frequency modulation (FM) strategy is proposed.MethodsFirstly, the wind speed interval is divided based on the operating characteristics of WTGs and the load reduction rate. On the basis, a load reduction operation strategy based on rotor speed control and pitch Angle control is proposed to enable WTGs to have bidirectional FM capability. The adjustable capacity of WTGs is determined based on the wind speed prediction error and the operation strategy of load reduction; Secondly, based on the controllable domain model of an EV considering the off-grid time uncertainty, the adjustable capacity of EV clusters is determined by state grouping of the state of charge (SOC) according to its charging urgency. By defining EV FM capability parameters and charging urgency parameters, the EV priority list for FM is determined and the power allocation strategy is proposed; Then, based on the urgency of EV charging and the economy of WTGs load reduction operation, a cooperative FM task assignment strategy is proposed.ResultsSimulations demonstrate the strategy enhances FM capability and improves FM effect by 6.05% compared to fixed-proportion task allocation. It strengthens frequency stability by leveraging complementary strengths.DiscussionConsideration of wind speed prediction errors can improve WTG adjustable capacity estimation, boosting FM accuracy; Coordinated task allocation minimizes WTGs intermittent FM output impacts, ensuring stable grid frequency. This dual-source-load approach offers a robust solution for modern power systems with high renewable penetration. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-3f7bcac2fa994bcb8f4c0510deb2d550 |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2296-598X |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-02-01 |
| publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Frontiers in Energy Research |
| spelling | doaj-art-3f7bcac2fa994bcb8f4c0510deb2d5502025-02-05T07:31:56ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Energy Research2296-598X2025-02-011210.3389/fenrg.2024.14974301497430Coordinated frequency modulation strategy considering source–load uncertaintyXiaohong Dong0Shuo Wang1Dengxin Ai2Yang Ma3Xiaodan Yu4State Key Lab of Reliability and Intelligence of Electrical Equipment, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, ChinaState Key Lab of Reliability and Intelligence of Electrical Equipment, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, ChinaTianjin Electric Power Science and Research Institute, Tianjin, ChinaState Key Lab of Reliability and Intelligence of Electrical Equipment, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, ChinaKey Laboratory of Smart Grid of Ministry of Education, Tianjin University, Tianjin, ChinaIntroductionWind turbine generators (WTGs) and electric vehicles (EVs) are used as source-side and load-side resources, respectively. And the uncertainties of WTGs output and EVs charging load seriously affect the frequency stability of the power system. For the wind speed prediction error and the uncertainty of EV off-grid time, a cooperative frequency modulation (FM) strategy is proposed.MethodsFirstly, the wind speed interval is divided based on the operating characteristics of WTGs and the load reduction rate. On the basis, a load reduction operation strategy based on rotor speed control and pitch Angle control is proposed to enable WTGs to have bidirectional FM capability. The adjustable capacity of WTGs is determined based on the wind speed prediction error and the operation strategy of load reduction; Secondly, based on the controllable domain model of an EV considering the off-grid time uncertainty, the adjustable capacity of EV clusters is determined by state grouping of the state of charge (SOC) according to its charging urgency. By defining EV FM capability parameters and charging urgency parameters, the EV priority list for FM is determined and the power allocation strategy is proposed; Then, based on the urgency of EV charging and the economy of WTGs load reduction operation, a cooperative FM task assignment strategy is proposed.ResultsSimulations demonstrate the strategy enhances FM capability and improves FM effect by 6.05% compared to fixed-proportion task allocation. It strengthens frequency stability by leveraging complementary strengths.DiscussionConsideration of wind speed prediction errors can improve WTG adjustable capacity estimation, boosting FM accuracy; Coordinated task allocation minimizes WTGs intermittent FM output impacts, ensuring stable grid frequency. This dual-source-load approach offers a robust solution for modern power systems with high renewable penetration.https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fenrg.2024.1497430/fullsource–load uncertaintyelectric vehiclewind turbine generatorfrequency modulationwind power reserve |
| spellingShingle | Xiaohong Dong Shuo Wang Dengxin Ai Yang Ma Xiaodan Yu Coordinated frequency modulation strategy considering source–load uncertainty Frontiers in Energy Research source–load uncertainty electric vehicle wind turbine generator frequency modulation wind power reserve |
| title | Coordinated frequency modulation strategy considering source–load uncertainty |
| title_full | Coordinated frequency modulation strategy considering source–load uncertainty |
| title_fullStr | Coordinated frequency modulation strategy considering source–load uncertainty |
| title_full_unstemmed | Coordinated frequency modulation strategy considering source–load uncertainty |
| title_short | Coordinated frequency modulation strategy considering source–load uncertainty |
| title_sort | coordinated frequency modulation strategy considering source load uncertainty |
| topic | source–load uncertainty electric vehicle wind turbine generator frequency modulation wind power reserve |
| url | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fenrg.2024.1497430/full |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT xiaohongdong coordinatedfrequencymodulationstrategyconsideringsourceloaduncertainty AT shuowang coordinatedfrequencymodulationstrategyconsideringsourceloaduncertainty AT dengxinai coordinatedfrequencymodulationstrategyconsideringsourceloaduncertainty AT yangma coordinatedfrequencymodulationstrategyconsideringsourceloaduncertainty AT xiaodanyu coordinatedfrequencymodulationstrategyconsideringsourceloaduncertainty |