Temporal and Spatial Changes in Soil Quality at Shooting Ranges: A Case Study in Croatia
In this study, the effect of ammunition on soil quality (physical and chemical indicators) at shooting ranges was investigated at four sites in Croatia. The sites differ in soil type (fluvisols, leptosols and terra rossa) and climatic conditions (Mediterranean and continental). The intensity of shoo...
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MDPI AG
2025-01-01
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| author | Željka Zgorelec Nikica Šprem Radovan Abramović Marija Galić Iva Hrelja Domina Delač Toni Safner Ivica Kisić |
| author_facet | Željka Zgorelec Nikica Šprem Radovan Abramović Marija Galić Iva Hrelja Domina Delač Toni Safner Ivica Kisić |
| author_sort | Željka Zgorelec |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | In this study, the effect of ammunition on soil quality (physical and chemical indicators) at shooting ranges was investigated at four sites in Croatia. The sites differ in soil type (fluvisols, leptosols and terra rossa) and climatic conditions (Mediterranean and continental). The intensity of shooting range use (calculated from the age of the lane and the average number of targets used per year) and the distance from the shooting range (−40 m to +240 m) were examined in relation to soil chemical composition and soil quality. High contents of Pb and Sb at 100 m from the shooting position were observed in fluvisol and terra rossa soils, and the contamination factors (CFs) ranged from 6 up to 97. The study found high natural soil Cr and Ni content in leptosols and terra rossa due to paedogenic reasons (CFs < 1.3) and soil acidification (a decrease in soil pH<sub>KCl</sub>) due to ammunition/target use. Long-term measures for sustainable soil management and environment protection must be taken at shooting ranges to minimise the potential risks to ecosystems, wildlife and human health (an EU strategy). |
| format | Article |
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| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2073-445X |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-01-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
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| series | Land |
| spelling | doaj-art-3eece70f2895422197ee96bd69c2f7e62025-01-24T13:37:48ZengMDPI AGLand2073-445X2025-01-011417810.3390/land14010078Temporal and Spatial Changes in Soil Quality at Shooting Ranges: A Case Study in CroatiaŽeljka Zgorelec0Nikica Šprem1Radovan Abramović2Marija Galić3Iva Hrelja4Domina Delač5Toni Safner6Ivica Kisić7Department of General Agronomy, Division for Agroecology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zagreb, Svetošimunska Street 25, 10000 Zagreb, CroatiaDepartment of Fisheries, Apiculture, Wildlife Management and Special Zoology, Division for Animal Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zagreb, Svetošimunska Street 25, 10000 Zagreb, CroatiaDepartment of Fisheries, Apiculture, Wildlife Management and Special Zoology, Division for Animal Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zagreb, Svetošimunska Street 25, 10000 Zagreb, CroatiaDepartment of General Agronomy, Division for Agroecology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zagreb, Svetošimunska Street 25, 10000 Zagreb, CroatiaDepartment of General Agronomy, Division for Agroecology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zagreb, Svetošimunska Street 25, 10000 Zagreb, CroatiaDepartment of General Agronomy, Division for Agroecology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zagreb, Svetošimunska Street 25, 10000 Zagreb, CroatiaDepartment of Plant Breeding, Genetics and Biometrics, Division for Plant Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zagreb, Svetošimunska Street 25, 10000 Zagreb, CroatiaDepartment of General Agronomy, Division for Agroecology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zagreb, Svetošimunska Street 25, 10000 Zagreb, CroatiaIn this study, the effect of ammunition on soil quality (physical and chemical indicators) at shooting ranges was investigated at four sites in Croatia. The sites differ in soil type (fluvisols, leptosols and terra rossa) and climatic conditions (Mediterranean and continental). The intensity of shooting range use (calculated from the age of the lane and the average number of targets used per year) and the distance from the shooting range (−40 m to +240 m) were examined in relation to soil chemical composition and soil quality. High contents of Pb and Sb at 100 m from the shooting position were observed in fluvisol and terra rossa soils, and the contamination factors (CFs) ranged from 6 up to 97. The study found high natural soil Cr and Ni content in leptosols and terra rossa due to paedogenic reasons (CFs < 1.3) and soil acidification (a decrease in soil pH<sub>KCl</sub>) due to ammunition/target use. Long-term measures for sustainable soil management and environment protection must be taken at shooting ranges to minimise the potential risks to ecosystems, wildlife and human health (an EU strategy).https://www.mdpi.com/2073-445X/14/1/78ammunitionsoil qualityenvironmental riskheavy metalspH<sub>KCl</sub> |
| spellingShingle | Željka Zgorelec Nikica Šprem Radovan Abramović Marija Galić Iva Hrelja Domina Delač Toni Safner Ivica Kisić Temporal and Spatial Changes in Soil Quality at Shooting Ranges: A Case Study in Croatia Land ammunition soil quality environmental risk heavy metals pH<sub>KCl</sub> |
| title | Temporal and Spatial Changes in Soil Quality at Shooting Ranges: A Case Study in Croatia |
| title_full | Temporal and Spatial Changes in Soil Quality at Shooting Ranges: A Case Study in Croatia |
| title_fullStr | Temporal and Spatial Changes in Soil Quality at Shooting Ranges: A Case Study in Croatia |
| title_full_unstemmed | Temporal and Spatial Changes in Soil Quality at Shooting Ranges: A Case Study in Croatia |
| title_short | Temporal and Spatial Changes in Soil Quality at Shooting Ranges: A Case Study in Croatia |
| title_sort | temporal and spatial changes in soil quality at shooting ranges a case study in croatia |
| topic | ammunition soil quality environmental risk heavy metals pH<sub>KCl</sub> |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-445X/14/1/78 |
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