Mapping Variability of Mycotoxins in Individual Oat Kernels from Batch Samples: Implications for Sampling and Food Safety
Oats are susceptible to contamination by <i>Fusarium</i> mycotoxins, including deoxynivalenol (DON), zearalenone (ZEN), and T-2/HT-2 toxins, posing food safety risks. This study analyses the variation in levels of 14 mycotoxins in 200 individual oat kernels from two DON-contaminated batc...
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2025-01-01
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| author | Irene Teixido-Orries Francisco Molino Bianca Castro-Criado Monika Jodkowska Angel Medina Sonia Marín Carol Verheecke-Vaessen |
| author_facet | Irene Teixido-Orries Francisco Molino Bianca Castro-Criado Monika Jodkowska Angel Medina Sonia Marín Carol Verheecke-Vaessen |
| author_sort | Irene Teixido-Orries |
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| description | Oats are susceptible to contamination by <i>Fusarium</i> mycotoxins, including deoxynivalenol (DON), zearalenone (ZEN), and T-2/HT-2 toxins, posing food safety risks. This study analyses the variation in levels of 14 mycotoxins in 200 individual oat kernels from two DON-contaminated batch samples (mean = 3498 µg/kg) using LC-MS/MS. The samples also contained deoxynivalenol-3-glucoside (DON-3G), 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol (3-ADON), 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol (15-ADON), and ZEN. Contamination levels varied notably among individual kernels, with DON detected in 70% of them, followed by DON-3G (24.5%) and 3-ADON (20.5%). Importantly, 8% of kernels exceeded the EU legal limit for DON (1750 µg/kg), and some occasionally surpassed limits for ZEN and T-2/HT-2. Correlation analyses revealed strong associations between DON and its derivatives but weaker correlations with other toxins. Mycotoxin ratios varied widely, indicating that although they often co-occur, their concentrations differ between kernels. Contamination did not significantly impact kernel weight, though a slight trend toward lower weights in contaminated kernels was noted. Additionally, sampling statistics showed that as the percentage of selected kernels increased, the probability of batch sample rejection for DON contamination rose significantly. The study highlights the heterogeneity of mycotoxin contamination in oat batches, emphasising the importance of accurate detection and regulatory compliance to ensure safer oat-based products. |
| format | Article |
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| institution | Kabale University |
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| publishDate | 2025-01-01 |
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| series | Toxins |
| spelling | doaj-art-3edcc1c26d5549e0963169b2a26af5872025-01-24T13:51:16ZengMDPI AGToxins2072-66512025-01-011713410.3390/toxins17010034Mapping Variability of Mycotoxins in Individual Oat Kernels from Batch Samples: Implications for Sampling and Food SafetyIrene Teixido-Orries0Francisco Molino1Bianca Castro-Criado2Monika Jodkowska3Angel Medina4Sonia Marín5Carol Verheecke-Vaessen6Applied Mycology Unit, Department of Food Technology, Engineering and Science, AGROTECNIO-CERCA Centre, University of Lleida, Av. Rovira Roure 191, 25198 Lleida, SpainApplied Mycology Unit, Department of Food Technology, Engineering and Science, AGROTECNIO-CERCA Centre, University of Lleida, Av. Rovira Roure 191, 25198 Lleida, SpainApplied Mycology Unit, Department of Food Technology, Engineering and Science, AGROTECNIO-CERCA Centre, University of Lleida, Av. Rovira Roure 191, 25198 Lleida, SpainMagan Centre of Applied Mycology, Cranfield University, Cranfield MK43 0AL, UKMagan Centre of Applied Mycology, Cranfield University, Cranfield MK43 0AL, UKApplied Mycology Unit, Department of Food Technology, Engineering and Science, AGROTECNIO-CERCA Centre, University of Lleida, Av. Rovira Roure 191, 25198 Lleida, SpainMagan Centre of Applied Mycology, Cranfield University, Cranfield MK43 0AL, UKOats are susceptible to contamination by <i>Fusarium</i> mycotoxins, including deoxynivalenol (DON), zearalenone (ZEN), and T-2/HT-2 toxins, posing food safety risks. This study analyses the variation in levels of 14 mycotoxins in 200 individual oat kernels from two DON-contaminated batch samples (mean = 3498 µg/kg) using LC-MS/MS. The samples also contained deoxynivalenol-3-glucoside (DON-3G), 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol (3-ADON), 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol (15-ADON), and ZEN. Contamination levels varied notably among individual kernels, with DON detected in 70% of them, followed by DON-3G (24.5%) and 3-ADON (20.5%). Importantly, 8% of kernels exceeded the EU legal limit for DON (1750 µg/kg), and some occasionally surpassed limits for ZEN and T-2/HT-2. Correlation analyses revealed strong associations between DON and its derivatives but weaker correlations with other toxins. Mycotoxin ratios varied widely, indicating that although they often co-occur, their concentrations differ between kernels. Contamination did not significantly impact kernel weight, though a slight trend toward lower weights in contaminated kernels was noted. Additionally, sampling statistics showed that as the percentage of selected kernels increased, the probability of batch sample rejection for DON contamination rose significantly. The study highlights the heterogeneity of mycotoxin contamination in oat batches, emphasising the importance of accurate detection and regulatory compliance to ensure safer oat-based products.https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6651/17/1/34mycotoxins<i>Fusarium</i>deoxynivalenolindividual oat kernelco-occurrenceratios |
| spellingShingle | Irene Teixido-Orries Francisco Molino Bianca Castro-Criado Monika Jodkowska Angel Medina Sonia Marín Carol Verheecke-Vaessen Mapping Variability of Mycotoxins in Individual Oat Kernels from Batch Samples: Implications for Sampling and Food Safety Toxins mycotoxins <i>Fusarium</i> deoxynivalenol individual oat kernel co-occurrence ratios |
| title | Mapping Variability of Mycotoxins in Individual Oat Kernels from Batch Samples: Implications for Sampling and Food Safety |
| title_full | Mapping Variability of Mycotoxins in Individual Oat Kernels from Batch Samples: Implications for Sampling and Food Safety |
| title_fullStr | Mapping Variability of Mycotoxins in Individual Oat Kernels from Batch Samples: Implications for Sampling and Food Safety |
| title_full_unstemmed | Mapping Variability of Mycotoxins in Individual Oat Kernels from Batch Samples: Implications for Sampling and Food Safety |
| title_short | Mapping Variability of Mycotoxins in Individual Oat Kernels from Batch Samples: Implications for Sampling and Food Safety |
| title_sort | mapping variability of mycotoxins in individual oat kernels from batch samples implications for sampling and food safety |
| topic | mycotoxins <i>Fusarium</i> deoxynivalenol individual oat kernel co-occurrence ratios |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6651/17/1/34 |
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