The Role of Potassium Phosphite in Enhancing the Activity of Defense Enzymes in Rice Infected by Sheath Blight
Extended Abstract Background: Rice (Oryza sativa L.) serves as the primary food source for over half of the world's population. The disease caused by Rhizoctonia solani has significantly impeded rice production, resulting in substantial economic losses and posing a threat to food security. Curr...
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Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University
2024-11-01
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| Series: | پژوهشنامه اصلاح گیاهان زراعی |
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| Online Access: | http://jcb.sanru.ac.ir/article-1-1557-en.pdf |
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| author | Milad Habibi Daronkolaei Mohammad Ali Tajick Ghanbary Valiollah Babaeizad Heshmatollah Rahimian Ali Dehestani |
| author_facet | Milad Habibi Daronkolaei Mohammad Ali Tajick Ghanbary Valiollah Babaeizad Heshmatollah Rahimian Ali Dehestani |
| author_sort | Milad Habibi Daronkolaei |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Extended Abstract
Background: Rice (Oryza sativa L.) serves as the primary food source for over half of the world's population. The disease caused by Rhizoctonia solani has significantly impeded rice production, resulting in substantial economic losses and posing a threat to food security. Currently, the most suitable method to control this disease is the use of commercial fungicides. However, the use of fungicides results in increased costs and harm to the environment and human health. Therefore, the utilization of biocompatible chemical compounds is regarded as an innovative and effective strategy for integrated product management and combating various stressors. One such compound is potassium phosphite, which works to reduce disease by directly affecting the pathogen and indirectly stimulating the host's defense responses.
Methods: The seeds of local Tarom and Khazar cultivars were prepared and disinfected to produce identical, pathogen-free seedlings. Subsequently, the seeds were germinated and transferred to plastic pots filled with sterile soil. Finally, the pots were moved to the growth chamber. Some of the seedlings were treated with potassium phosphite while others served as the positive control. All the plants were then infected with R. solani. Leaf tissues from the treated and control seedlings were sampled at 0, 24, 48, 72, and 96 hours after infection. The leaf extract was then obtained to measure enzyme activity, including catalase (CAT), polyphenol oxidase (PPO), and superoxide dismutase (SOD). Disease severity and enzyme activity were studied in a factorial design using a completely randomized design with two cultivars, Tarom (resistant) and Khazar (susceptible), and two treatments of potassium phosphite and R. solani, each with three replications.
Results: The results of the analysis of variance showed that the effects of the treatments were significant in all sources of changes in the severity of the disease and the activity of PPO and SOD enzymes. However, the effects of the treatments were not significant in the treatment number for the CAT enzyme activity but were significant in other sources. The severity of the disease was more pronounced in the control plants than in the plants treated with potassium phosphite, and in the sensitive variety (Khazar) than in the resistant variety (Tarom). Additionally, in both the control and treated plants, the disease progressed more by the 10th day after infection than on the 21st day. Enzyme activity was significant in both the resistant (Tarom) and sensitive (Khazar) varieties, as well as between the two potassium phosphite treatments in the presence of the pathogen. The highest level of enzyme activity was associated with the Tarom variety and potassium phosphite treatment in the presence of the pathogen while the lowest level was linked to the Khazar variety and R. solani treatment. The CAT enzyme activity increased in both treatments and cultivars at 24 h after infection, and then gradually decreased at 48 and 72 h. At 96 hours, however, it reached the highest level of activity compared to the initial time. The PPO enzyme activity increased in all time periods while the activity of SOD increased gradually, reaching its peak at 72 h, which then decreased at 96 h.
Conclusion: CAT catalyzes the conversion of hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen, protecting the plant against oxidative damage caused by pathogens. In diseased plants, the presence of potassium phosphite led to an increase in enzyme activity compared to infected control plants. This suggests that potassium phosphite enhances enzyme activity in plants to combat pathogens. PPOs catalyze the oxidation of phenol to quinone, creating unfavorable conditions for pathogen development. It induces resistance in potassium phosphite treatment, leading to increased quinone production and creating a toxic environment for the pathogen. The spread of the disease decreased compared to the treatment of R. solani. SOD plays a crucial role in plant physiology by serving as signals in transmission pathways and as a defense against cell damage caused by excessive oxygen production. In plants treated with potassium phosphite, the enzyme exhibited maximum activity at 72 h. In the control plants, this peak occurred at 96 h after contamination. This suggests that potassium phosphite has reduced oxidative stress, thereby impeding the progression of the disease and its associated symptoms. In this study, the activities of CAT, PPO, and SOD enzymes were lower in the sensitive variety (Khazor) than in the resistant variety (Tarom). This suggests that the level of reactive oxygen species was higher in the Khazor variety, leading to an increase in the spread and symptoms of the disease. R. solani induces cell death in plants by secreting enzymes and toxins. Potassium phosphite inhibits cell death by enhancing the activity of antioxidant enzymes, such as CAT, PPO, and SOD, thereby impeding the progression of the fungus. Therefore, potassium phosphite can be used as a biocompatible chemical compound instead of fungicides in the integrated management of the disease. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-3e1551d3f8a241b79cfc1aab698b5ff5 |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2228-6128 2676-4628 |
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| publishDate | 2024-11-01 |
| publisher | Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University |
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| series | پژوهشنامه اصلاح گیاهان زراعی |
| spelling | doaj-art-3e1551d3f8a241b79cfc1aab698b5ff52025-01-27T10:21:56ZfasSari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources Universityپژوهشنامه اصلاح گیاهان زراعی2228-61282676-46282024-11-011648998The Role of Potassium Phosphite in Enhancing the Activity of Defense Enzymes in Rice Infected by Sheath BlightMilad Habibi Daronkolaei0Mohammad Ali Tajick Ghanbary1Valiollah Babaeizad2Heshmatollah Rahimian3Ali Dehestani4 Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of crop Sciences, Sari University of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Sari, Iran Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of crop Sciences, Sari University of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Sari, Iran Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of crop Sciences, Sari University of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Sari, Iran Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of crop Sciences, Sari University of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Sari, Iran Genetics and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute of Tabarestan, Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University, Sari, Iran Extended Abstract Background: Rice (Oryza sativa L.) serves as the primary food source for over half of the world's population. The disease caused by Rhizoctonia solani has significantly impeded rice production, resulting in substantial economic losses and posing a threat to food security. Currently, the most suitable method to control this disease is the use of commercial fungicides. However, the use of fungicides results in increased costs and harm to the environment and human health. Therefore, the utilization of biocompatible chemical compounds is regarded as an innovative and effective strategy for integrated product management and combating various stressors. One such compound is potassium phosphite, which works to reduce disease by directly affecting the pathogen and indirectly stimulating the host's defense responses. Methods: The seeds of local Tarom and Khazar cultivars were prepared and disinfected to produce identical, pathogen-free seedlings. Subsequently, the seeds were germinated and transferred to plastic pots filled with sterile soil. Finally, the pots were moved to the growth chamber. Some of the seedlings were treated with potassium phosphite while others served as the positive control. All the plants were then infected with R. solani. Leaf tissues from the treated and control seedlings were sampled at 0, 24, 48, 72, and 96 hours after infection. The leaf extract was then obtained to measure enzyme activity, including catalase (CAT), polyphenol oxidase (PPO), and superoxide dismutase (SOD). Disease severity and enzyme activity were studied in a factorial design using a completely randomized design with two cultivars, Tarom (resistant) and Khazar (susceptible), and two treatments of potassium phosphite and R. solani, each with three replications. Results: The results of the analysis of variance showed that the effects of the treatments were significant in all sources of changes in the severity of the disease and the activity of PPO and SOD enzymes. However, the effects of the treatments were not significant in the treatment number for the CAT enzyme activity but were significant in other sources. The severity of the disease was more pronounced in the control plants than in the plants treated with potassium phosphite, and in the sensitive variety (Khazar) than in the resistant variety (Tarom). Additionally, in both the control and treated plants, the disease progressed more by the 10th day after infection than on the 21st day. Enzyme activity was significant in both the resistant (Tarom) and sensitive (Khazar) varieties, as well as between the two potassium phosphite treatments in the presence of the pathogen. The highest level of enzyme activity was associated with the Tarom variety and potassium phosphite treatment in the presence of the pathogen while the lowest level was linked to the Khazar variety and R. solani treatment. The CAT enzyme activity increased in both treatments and cultivars at 24 h after infection, and then gradually decreased at 48 and 72 h. At 96 hours, however, it reached the highest level of activity compared to the initial time. The PPO enzyme activity increased in all time periods while the activity of SOD increased gradually, reaching its peak at 72 h, which then decreased at 96 h. Conclusion: CAT catalyzes the conversion of hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen, protecting the plant against oxidative damage caused by pathogens. In diseased plants, the presence of potassium phosphite led to an increase in enzyme activity compared to infected control plants. This suggests that potassium phosphite enhances enzyme activity in plants to combat pathogens. PPOs catalyze the oxidation of phenol to quinone, creating unfavorable conditions for pathogen development. It induces resistance in potassium phosphite treatment, leading to increased quinone production and creating a toxic environment for the pathogen. The spread of the disease decreased compared to the treatment of R. solani. SOD plays a crucial role in plant physiology by serving as signals in transmission pathways and as a defense against cell damage caused by excessive oxygen production. In plants treated with potassium phosphite, the enzyme exhibited maximum activity at 72 h. In the control plants, this peak occurred at 96 h after contamination. This suggests that potassium phosphite has reduced oxidative stress, thereby impeding the progression of the disease and its associated symptoms. In this study, the activities of CAT, PPO, and SOD enzymes were lower in the sensitive variety (Khazor) than in the resistant variety (Tarom). This suggests that the level of reactive oxygen species was higher in the Khazor variety, leading to an increase in the spread and symptoms of the disease. R. solani induces cell death in plants by secreting enzymes and toxins. Potassium phosphite inhibits cell death by enhancing the activity of antioxidant enzymes, such as CAT, PPO, and SOD, thereby impeding the progression of the fungus. Therefore, potassium phosphite can be used as a biocompatible chemical compound instead of fungicides in the integrated management of the disease.http://jcb.sanru.ac.ir/article-1-1557-en.pdfantioxidant enzymesfungicidesinduced resistancereactive oxygen speciesr. solani |
| spellingShingle | Milad Habibi Daronkolaei Mohammad Ali Tajick Ghanbary Valiollah Babaeizad Heshmatollah Rahimian Ali Dehestani The Role of Potassium Phosphite in Enhancing the Activity of Defense Enzymes in Rice Infected by Sheath Blight پژوهشنامه اصلاح گیاهان زراعی antioxidant enzymes fungicides induced resistance reactive oxygen species r. solani |
| title | The Role of Potassium Phosphite in Enhancing the Activity of Defense Enzymes in Rice Infected by Sheath Blight |
| title_full | The Role of Potassium Phosphite in Enhancing the Activity of Defense Enzymes in Rice Infected by Sheath Blight |
| title_fullStr | The Role of Potassium Phosphite in Enhancing the Activity of Defense Enzymes in Rice Infected by Sheath Blight |
| title_full_unstemmed | The Role of Potassium Phosphite in Enhancing the Activity of Defense Enzymes in Rice Infected by Sheath Blight |
| title_short | The Role of Potassium Phosphite in Enhancing the Activity of Defense Enzymes in Rice Infected by Sheath Blight |
| title_sort | role of potassium phosphite in enhancing the activity of defense enzymes in rice infected by sheath blight |
| topic | antioxidant enzymes fungicides induced resistance reactive oxygen species r. solani |
| url | http://jcb.sanru.ac.ir/article-1-1557-en.pdf |
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