Equalizing the In-Ear Acoustic Response of Piezoelectric MEMS Loudspeakers Through Inverse Transducer Modeling
Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems (MEMS) loudspeakers are attracting growing interest as alternatives to conventional miniature transducers for in-ear audio applications. However, their practical deployment is often hindered by pronounced resonances in their frequency response, caused by the mechanic...
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MDPI AG
2025-05-01
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| Series: | Micromachines |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-666X/16/6/655 |
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| author | Oliviero Massi Riccardo Giampiccolo Alberto Bernardini |
| author_facet | Oliviero Massi Riccardo Giampiccolo Alberto Bernardini |
| author_sort | Oliviero Massi |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems (MEMS) loudspeakers are attracting growing interest as alternatives to conventional miniature transducers for in-ear audio applications. However, their practical deployment is often hindered by pronounced resonances in their frequency response, caused by the mechanical and acoustic characteristics of the device structure. To mitigate these limitations, we present a model-based digital signal equalization approach that leverages a circuit equivalent model of the considered MEMS loudspeaker. The method relies on constructing an inverse circuital model based on the nullor, which is implemented in the discrete-time domain using Wave Digital Filters (WDFs). This inverse system is employed to pre-process the input voltage signal, effectively compensating for the transducer frequency response. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method significantly flattens the Sound Pressure Level (SPL) over the 100 Hz-10 kHz frequency range, with a maximum deviation from the target flat frequency response of below 5 dB. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-3dfe2c8e729a4e72bdff467309b42555 |
| institution | DOAJ |
| issn | 2072-666X |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-05-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Micromachines |
| spelling | doaj-art-3dfe2c8e729a4e72bdff467309b425552025-08-20T03:16:23ZengMDPI AGMicromachines2072-666X2025-05-0116665510.3390/mi16060655Equalizing the In-Ear Acoustic Response of Piezoelectric MEMS Loudspeakers Through Inverse Transducer ModelingOliviero Massi0Riccardo Giampiccolo1Alberto Bernardini2Dipartimento di Elettronica, Informazione e Bioingegneria (DEIB), Politecnico di Milano, Piazza L. Da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, ItalyDipartimento di Elettronica, Informazione e Bioingegneria (DEIB), Politecnico di Milano, Piazza L. Da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, ItalyDipartimento di Elettronica, Informazione e Bioingegneria (DEIB), Politecnico di Milano, Piazza L. Da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, ItalyMicro-Electro-Mechanical Systems (MEMS) loudspeakers are attracting growing interest as alternatives to conventional miniature transducers for in-ear audio applications. However, their practical deployment is often hindered by pronounced resonances in their frequency response, caused by the mechanical and acoustic characteristics of the device structure. To mitigate these limitations, we present a model-based digital signal equalization approach that leverages a circuit equivalent model of the considered MEMS loudspeaker. The method relies on constructing an inverse circuital model based on the nullor, which is implemented in the discrete-time domain using Wave Digital Filters (WDFs). This inverse system is employed to pre-process the input voltage signal, effectively compensating for the transducer frequency response. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method significantly flattens the Sound Pressure Level (SPL) over the 100 Hz-10 kHz frequency range, with a maximum deviation from the target flat frequency response of below 5 dB.https://www.mdpi.com/2072-666X/16/6/655MEMS loudspeakerspiezoelectric transducersequalizationinverse systems |
| spellingShingle | Oliviero Massi Riccardo Giampiccolo Alberto Bernardini Equalizing the In-Ear Acoustic Response of Piezoelectric MEMS Loudspeakers Through Inverse Transducer Modeling Micromachines MEMS loudspeakers piezoelectric transducers equalization inverse systems |
| title | Equalizing the In-Ear Acoustic Response of Piezoelectric MEMS Loudspeakers Through Inverse Transducer Modeling |
| title_full | Equalizing the In-Ear Acoustic Response of Piezoelectric MEMS Loudspeakers Through Inverse Transducer Modeling |
| title_fullStr | Equalizing the In-Ear Acoustic Response of Piezoelectric MEMS Loudspeakers Through Inverse Transducer Modeling |
| title_full_unstemmed | Equalizing the In-Ear Acoustic Response of Piezoelectric MEMS Loudspeakers Through Inverse Transducer Modeling |
| title_short | Equalizing the In-Ear Acoustic Response of Piezoelectric MEMS Loudspeakers Through Inverse Transducer Modeling |
| title_sort | equalizing the in ear acoustic response of piezoelectric mems loudspeakers through inverse transducer modeling |
| topic | MEMS loudspeakers piezoelectric transducers equalization inverse systems |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-666X/16/6/655 |
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