MicroRNAs in long COVID: roles, diagnostic biomarker potential and detection

Abstract Long COVID or Post-Acute Sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 Infection (PASC), marked by persistent symptoms lasting weeks to months after acute SARS-CoV-2 infection, affects multiple organ systems including the respiratory, cardiovascular, neurological, gastrointestinal, and renal systems. These prolon...

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Main Authors: Naomi-Eunicia Paval, Olga Adriana Căliman-Sturdza, Andrei Lobiuc, Mihai Dimian, Ioan-Ovidiu Sirbu, Mihai Covasa
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: BMC 2025-08-01
Series:Human Genomics
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Online Access:https://doi.org/10.1186/s40246-025-00810-0
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author Naomi-Eunicia Paval
Olga Adriana Căliman-Sturdza
Andrei Lobiuc
Mihai Dimian
Ioan-Ovidiu Sirbu
Mihai Covasa
author_facet Naomi-Eunicia Paval
Olga Adriana Căliman-Sturdza
Andrei Lobiuc
Mihai Dimian
Ioan-Ovidiu Sirbu
Mihai Covasa
author_sort Naomi-Eunicia Paval
collection DOAJ
description Abstract Long COVID or Post-Acute Sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 Infection (PASC), marked by persistent symptoms lasting weeks to months after acute SARS-CoV-2 infection, affects multiple organ systems including the respiratory, cardiovascular, neurological, gastrointestinal, and renal systems. These prolonged effects stem from chronic inflammation, immune dysregulation, and direct viral injury. MicroRNAs (miRNAs)—small non-coding RNAs involved in gene regulation—play a pivotal role in this process by modulating immune responses, inflammation, and cellular stress. Altered miRNA expression patterns during and after infection contribute to the pathogenesis of Long COVID. While conventional miRNA detection techniques have been valuable, they face limitations in sensitivity, throughput, and detecting RNA modifications. This review highlights Oxford Nanopore Sequencing (ONS) as a promising alternative, offering real-time, long-read, amplification-free RNA sequencing that preserves native modifications. ONS enables direct sequencing of full-length miRNAs and their precursors, providing novel insights into miRNA processing and regulatory roles. Despite current challenges with short-read accuracy, ongoing technical advances are improving ONS performance. Its integration in miRNA profiling holds significant potential for uncovering novel regulatory interactions and advancing clinical biomarker discovery in Long COVID and other conditions.
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issn 1479-7364
language English
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series Human Genomics
spelling doaj-art-3d50fba3bdca40a48aa61784bb439c942025-08-20T03:46:21ZengBMCHuman Genomics1479-73642025-08-0119112210.1186/s40246-025-00810-0MicroRNAs in long COVID: roles, diagnostic biomarker potential and detectionNaomi-Eunicia Paval0Olga Adriana Căliman-Sturdza1Andrei Lobiuc2Mihai Dimian3Ioan-Ovidiu Sirbu4Mihai Covasa5Doctoral School, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Victor Babes”Faculty of Medicine and Biological Sciences, Stefan Cel Mare UniversityFaculty of Medicine and Biological Sciences, Stefan Cel Mare UniversityIntegrated Center for Research, Development and Innovation for Advanced Materials, Nanotechnologies, Manufacturing and Control Distributed Systems (MANSiD), Ştefan Cel Mare University of SuceavaDepartment of Biochemistry, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Victor Babes”Faculty of Medicine and Biological Sciences, Stefan Cel Mare UniversityAbstract Long COVID or Post-Acute Sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 Infection (PASC), marked by persistent symptoms lasting weeks to months after acute SARS-CoV-2 infection, affects multiple organ systems including the respiratory, cardiovascular, neurological, gastrointestinal, and renal systems. These prolonged effects stem from chronic inflammation, immune dysregulation, and direct viral injury. MicroRNAs (miRNAs)—small non-coding RNAs involved in gene regulation—play a pivotal role in this process by modulating immune responses, inflammation, and cellular stress. Altered miRNA expression patterns during and after infection contribute to the pathogenesis of Long COVID. While conventional miRNA detection techniques have been valuable, they face limitations in sensitivity, throughput, and detecting RNA modifications. This review highlights Oxford Nanopore Sequencing (ONS) as a promising alternative, offering real-time, long-read, amplification-free RNA sequencing that preserves native modifications. ONS enables direct sequencing of full-length miRNAs and their precursors, providing novel insights into miRNA processing and regulatory roles. Despite current challenges with short-read accuracy, ongoing technical advances are improving ONS performance. Its integration in miRNA profiling holds significant potential for uncovering novel regulatory interactions and advancing clinical biomarker discovery in Long COVID and other conditions.https://doi.org/10.1186/s40246-025-00810-0Immune dysregulationNoncoding RNANanopore sequencingInflammationBiomarker discovery
spellingShingle Naomi-Eunicia Paval
Olga Adriana Căliman-Sturdza
Andrei Lobiuc
Mihai Dimian
Ioan-Ovidiu Sirbu
Mihai Covasa
MicroRNAs in long COVID: roles, diagnostic biomarker potential and detection
Human Genomics
Immune dysregulation
Noncoding RNA
Nanopore sequencing
Inflammation
Biomarker discovery
title MicroRNAs in long COVID: roles, diagnostic biomarker potential and detection
title_full MicroRNAs in long COVID: roles, diagnostic biomarker potential and detection
title_fullStr MicroRNAs in long COVID: roles, diagnostic biomarker potential and detection
title_full_unstemmed MicroRNAs in long COVID: roles, diagnostic biomarker potential and detection
title_short MicroRNAs in long COVID: roles, diagnostic biomarker potential and detection
title_sort micrornas in long covid roles diagnostic biomarker potential and detection
topic Immune dysregulation
Noncoding RNA
Nanopore sequencing
Inflammation
Biomarker discovery
url https://doi.org/10.1186/s40246-025-00810-0
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