Assessing Facial Thermal Nociceptive Response in Female Dogs After Elective Ovariohysterectomy Anesthetized with Isoflurane and Treated with Cannabidiol and Meloxicam Analgesia
Pain management requires the identification of certain indicators to recognize pain. Various tools have been suggested to achieve an objective evaluation, including infrared thermography (IRT). The objective of this study was to assess the facial thermal nociceptive response produced by the use of c...
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2025-01-01
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| author | Alejandro Casas-Alvarado Patricia Mora-Medina Ismael Hernández-Avalos Julio Martínez-Burnes Agatha Miranda-Cortes Adriana Domínguez-Oliva Daniel Mota-Rojas |
| author_facet | Alejandro Casas-Alvarado Patricia Mora-Medina Ismael Hernández-Avalos Julio Martínez-Burnes Agatha Miranda-Cortes Adriana Domínguez-Oliva Daniel Mota-Rojas |
| author_sort | Alejandro Casas-Alvarado |
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| description | Pain management requires the identification of certain indicators to recognize pain. Various tools have been suggested to achieve an objective evaluation, including infrared thermography (IRT). The objective of this study was to assess the facial thermal nociceptive response produced by the use of cannabidiol (CBD) alone and in combination with meloxicam in female dogs undergoing elective ovariohysterectomy anesthetized with isoflurane. Sixty-four female dogs of different breeds were randomly distributed into four study groups according to the treatment received. G1: Placebo group (<i>n =</i> 16); G2: Group receiving intravenous meloxicam as premedication (0.2 mg Kg<sup>−1</sup>) and every 24 h postoperatively 0.1 mg Kg<sup>−1</sup> (<i>n =</i> 16); G3: Group treated with CBD (<i>n =</i> 16) at a dose of 2 mg kg<sup>−1</sup> orally every 12 h; and G4: Group medicated with the combination of both treatments (<i>n =</i> 16). All treatments were administered for 48 h postoperatively. After the anesthetic surgical procedure, radiometric images were captured using IRT and physiological parameters during the events E<sub>Basal</sub>, E<sub>30min</sub>, E<sub>1h</sub>, E<sub>2h</sub>, E<sub>3h</sub>, E<sub>4h</sub>, E<sub>8h</sub>, E<sub>12h</sub>, E<sub>24h</sub> and E<sub>48h</sub>. Overall, it was found that the high, medium and low temperatures of the thermal windows of the eye, upper eyelid and lower eyelid, as well as the average temperature of the lacrimal gland in G1 between events, were significantly lower at E<sub>30min</sub>, E<sub>1h</sub> and E<sub>2h</sub> compared to E<sub>Basal</sub> (<i>p =</i> 0.01). Among treatments, a significantly higher temperature was observed in groups G2, G3 and G4 compared to G1 (<i>p =</i> 0.001) in the thermal windows of the upper eyelid, lower eyelid, lacrimal gland and ocular areas. Regarding physiological parameters, heart rate (HR) was higher in G1 compared to the animals in G2, G3 and G4 (<i>p =</i> 0.03). The respiratory rate (RR) was significantly lower in all four study groups during the postoperative events compared to their respective E<sub>Basal</sub> (<i>p <</i> 0.05), while among treatments, G2, G3 and G4 had a lower RR compared to G1 (<i>p =</i> 0.03). Mild hypothermia was observed in all study groups at E<sub>30min</sub> and E<sub>1h</sub> compared to E<sub>Basal</sub> (<i>p =</i> 0.001). No significant correlation was found between the temperatures of the assessed thermal regions and the physiological traits. In conclusion, CBD, whether administered alone or in combination with meloxicam, demonstrated comparable analgesic efficacy, which could control nociceptive cardiorespiratory and hemodynamic autonomic responses, as there were no significant changes in the facial thermal response between treatments G2, G3 and G4. |
| format | Article |
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| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2076-2615 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-01-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
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| series | Animals |
| spelling | doaj-art-3c90efb84a75490ba36be34f6b3d5bb52025-01-24T13:18:10ZengMDPI AGAnimals2076-26152025-01-0115222710.3390/ani15020227Assessing Facial Thermal Nociceptive Response in Female Dogs After Elective Ovariohysterectomy Anesthetized with Isoflurane and Treated with Cannabidiol and Meloxicam AnalgesiaAlejandro Casas-Alvarado0Patricia Mora-Medina1Ismael Hernández-Avalos2Julio Martínez-Burnes3Agatha Miranda-Cortes4Adriana Domínguez-Oliva5Daniel Mota-Rojas6PhD Program in Biological and Health Sciences [Doctorado en Ciencias Biológicas y de la Salud], Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana (UAM), Mexico City 04960, MexicoFacultad de Estudios Superiores Cuautitlán, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Cuautitlán 54714, MexicoClinical Pharmacology and Veterinary Anesthesia, Biological Sciences Department, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Cuautitlán, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Cuautitlán 54714, MexicoFacultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Instituto de Ecología Aplicada, Universidad Autónoma de Tamaulipas, Victoria City 87000, MexicoClinical Pharmacology and Veterinary Anesthesia, Biological Sciences Department, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Cuautitlán, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Cuautitlán 54714, MexicoNeurophysiology of Pain, Behavior and Assessment of Welfare in Domestic Animals, Department of Animal Production and Agriculture, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana (UAM), Mexico City 04960, MexicoNeurophysiology of Pain, Behavior and Assessment of Welfare in Domestic Animals, Department of Animal Production and Agriculture, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana (UAM), Mexico City 04960, MexicoPain management requires the identification of certain indicators to recognize pain. Various tools have been suggested to achieve an objective evaluation, including infrared thermography (IRT). The objective of this study was to assess the facial thermal nociceptive response produced by the use of cannabidiol (CBD) alone and in combination with meloxicam in female dogs undergoing elective ovariohysterectomy anesthetized with isoflurane. Sixty-four female dogs of different breeds were randomly distributed into four study groups according to the treatment received. G1: Placebo group (<i>n =</i> 16); G2: Group receiving intravenous meloxicam as premedication (0.2 mg Kg<sup>−1</sup>) and every 24 h postoperatively 0.1 mg Kg<sup>−1</sup> (<i>n =</i> 16); G3: Group treated with CBD (<i>n =</i> 16) at a dose of 2 mg kg<sup>−1</sup> orally every 12 h; and G4: Group medicated with the combination of both treatments (<i>n =</i> 16). All treatments were administered for 48 h postoperatively. After the anesthetic surgical procedure, radiometric images were captured using IRT and physiological parameters during the events E<sub>Basal</sub>, E<sub>30min</sub>, E<sub>1h</sub>, E<sub>2h</sub>, E<sub>3h</sub>, E<sub>4h</sub>, E<sub>8h</sub>, E<sub>12h</sub>, E<sub>24h</sub> and E<sub>48h</sub>. Overall, it was found that the high, medium and low temperatures of the thermal windows of the eye, upper eyelid and lower eyelid, as well as the average temperature of the lacrimal gland in G1 between events, were significantly lower at E<sub>30min</sub>, E<sub>1h</sub> and E<sub>2h</sub> compared to E<sub>Basal</sub> (<i>p =</i> 0.01). Among treatments, a significantly higher temperature was observed in groups G2, G3 and G4 compared to G1 (<i>p =</i> 0.001) in the thermal windows of the upper eyelid, lower eyelid, lacrimal gland and ocular areas. Regarding physiological parameters, heart rate (HR) was higher in G1 compared to the animals in G2, G3 and G4 (<i>p =</i> 0.03). The respiratory rate (RR) was significantly lower in all four study groups during the postoperative events compared to their respective E<sub>Basal</sub> (<i>p <</i> 0.05), while among treatments, G2, G3 and G4 had a lower RR compared to G1 (<i>p =</i> 0.03). Mild hypothermia was observed in all study groups at E<sub>30min</sub> and E<sub>1h</sub> compared to E<sub>Basal</sub> (<i>p =</i> 0.001). No significant correlation was found between the temperatures of the assessed thermal regions and the physiological traits. In conclusion, CBD, whether administered alone or in combination with meloxicam, demonstrated comparable analgesic efficacy, which could control nociceptive cardiorespiratory and hemodynamic autonomic responses, as there were no significant changes in the facial thermal response between treatments G2, G3 and G4.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2615/15/2/227dogspaininfrared thermographycannabisanalgesia |
| spellingShingle | Alejandro Casas-Alvarado Patricia Mora-Medina Ismael Hernández-Avalos Julio Martínez-Burnes Agatha Miranda-Cortes Adriana Domínguez-Oliva Daniel Mota-Rojas Assessing Facial Thermal Nociceptive Response in Female Dogs After Elective Ovariohysterectomy Anesthetized with Isoflurane and Treated with Cannabidiol and Meloxicam Analgesia Animals dogs pain infrared thermography cannabis analgesia |
| title | Assessing Facial Thermal Nociceptive Response in Female Dogs After Elective Ovariohysterectomy Anesthetized with Isoflurane and Treated with Cannabidiol and Meloxicam Analgesia |
| title_full | Assessing Facial Thermal Nociceptive Response in Female Dogs After Elective Ovariohysterectomy Anesthetized with Isoflurane and Treated with Cannabidiol and Meloxicam Analgesia |
| title_fullStr | Assessing Facial Thermal Nociceptive Response in Female Dogs After Elective Ovariohysterectomy Anesthetized with Isoflurane and Treated with Cannabidiol and Meloxicam Analgesia |
| title_full_unstemmed | Assessing Facial Thermal Nociceptive Response in Female Dogs After Elective Ovariohysterectomy Anesthetized with Isoflurane and Treated with Cannabidiol and Meloxicam Analgesia |
| title_short | Assessing Facial Thermal Nociceptive Response in Female Dogs After Elective Ovariohysterectomy Anesthetized with Isoflurane and Treated with Cannabidiol and Meloxicam Analgesia |
| title_sort | assessing facial thermal nociceptive response in female dogs after elective ovariohysterectomy anesthetized with isoflurane and treated with cannabidiol and meloxicam analgesia |
| topic | dogs pain infrared thermography cannabis analgesia |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2615/15/2/227 |
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