Effects of H^{−} low beam irradiation and high field pulsing tests in different metals
This work studies the suitability of a set of different materials for manufacturing more efficient and durable radio-frequency quadrupole (RFQ) structures compared to that currently used in many linear particle accelerators, traditionally made out of copper. RFQs are susceptible to vacuum breakdowns...
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| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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American Physical Society
2025-01-01
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| Series: | Physical Review Accelerators and Beams |
| Online Access: | http://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevAccelBeams.28.013101 |
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| author | C. Serafim S. Calatroni F. Djurabekova R. Peacock V. Bjelland A. T. Perez-Fontenla W. Wuensch A. Grudiev S. Sgobba A. Lombardi E. Sargsyan |
| author_facet | C. Serafim S. Calatroni F. Djurabekova R. Peacock V. Bjelland A. T. Perez-Fontenla W. Wuensch A. Grudiev S. Sgobba A. Lombardi E. Sargsyan |
| author_sort | C. Serafim |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | This work studies the suitability of a set of different materials for manufacturing more efficient and durable radio-frequency quadrupole (RFQ) structures compared to that currently used in many linear particle accelerators, traditionally made out of copper. RFQs are susceptible to vacuum breakdowns caused by the exposure to high electric fields, resulting in surface degradation. Additionally, a further limitation of present-day copper RFQs is surface blistering under hydrogen ion beam exposure, due to beam halo losses. Irradiation is associated with a further reduction of the breakdown field strength of the metal surface thereby affecting the overall efficiency of the RFQ. The investigated materials, Cu-OFE, CuCr1Zr, CuBe2, Ti6Al4V, SS316LN, Nb, and Ta, were submitted to low-energy (45 keV) H^{−} irradiation and tested in a direct-current (dc) system with pulsed high voltage. For comparison, the maximum surface electric field was measured for both irradiated and pristine (nonirradiated) surfaces of the same material. The effects of irradiation on the surface of the materials, before and after being submitted to high electric fields, were studied with the help of microscopic imaging and chemical analysis. Blistering caused by H^{−} irradiation has been observed in all copper and copper alloy materials. Despite reductions in breakdown field strength postirradiation, no indications were found that the blisters on the surface have a direct cause in triggering breakdowns during high electric field tests. SS316LN, Ti6Al4V, CuBe2, and CuCr1Zr showed maximum surface electric fields higher than copper, making these promising candidate materials for future RFQs manufacturing. This paper focuses on the results with CuCr1Zr, CuBe2, SS316LN, and Ta, complementing and expanding previous work exploring Cu-OFE, Nb, and Ti6Al4V. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-3c270e6a74f74503b78324570c25f7b0 |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2469-9888 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-01-01 |
| publisher | American Physical Society |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Physical Review Accelerators and Beams |
| spelling | doaj-art-3c270e6a74f74503b78324570c25f7b02025-01-31T16:42:59ZengAmerican Physical SocietyPhysical Review Accelerators and Beams2469-98882025-01-0128101310110.1103/PhysRevAccelBeams.28.013101Effects of H^{−} low beam irradiation and high field pulsing tests in different metalsC. SerafimS. CalatroniF. DjurabekovaR. PeacockV. BjellandA. T. Perez-FontenlaW. WuenschA. GrudievS. SgobbaA. LombardiE. SargsyanThis work studies the suitability of a set of different materials for manufacturing more efficient and durable radio-frequency quadrupole (RFQ) structures compared to that currently used in many linear particle accelerators, traditionally made out of copper. RFQs are susceptible to vacuum breakdowns caused by the exposure to high electric fields, resulting in surface degradation. Additionally, a further limitation of present-day copper RFQs is surface blistering under hydrogen ion beam exposure, due to beam halo losses. Irradiation is associated with a further reduction of the breakdown field strength of the metal surface thereby affecting the overall efficiency of the RFQ. The investigated materials, Cu-OFE, CuCr1Zr, CuBe2, Ti6Al4V, SS316LN, Nb, and Ta, were submitted to low-energy (45 keV) H^{−} irradiation and tested in a direct-current (dc) system with pulsed high voltage. For comparison, the maximum surface electric field was measured for both irradiated and pristine (nonirradiated) surfaces of the same material. The effects of irradiation on the surface of the materials, before and after being submitted to high electric fields, were studied with the help of microscopic imaging and chemical analysis. Blistering caused by H^{−} irradiation has been observed in all copper and copper alloy materials. Despite reductions in breakdown field strength postirradiation, no indications were found that the blisters on the surface have a direct cause in triggering breakdowns during high electric field tests. SS316LN, Ti6Al4V, CuBe2, and CuCr1Zr showed maximum surface electric fields higher than copper, making these promising candidate materials for future RFQs manufacturing. This paper focuses on the results with CuCr1Zr, CuBe2, SS316LN, and Ta, complementing and expanding previous work exploring Cu-OFE, Nb, and Ti6Al4V.http://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevAccelBeams.28.013101 |
| spellingShingle | C. Serafim S. Calatroni F. Djurabekova R. Peacock V. Bjelland A. T. Perez-Fontenla W. Wuensch A. Grudiev S. Sgobba A. Lombardi E. Sargsyan Effects of H^{−} low beam irradiation and high field pulsing tests in different metals Physical Review Accelerators and Beams |
| title | Effects of H^{−} low beam irradiation and high field pulsing tests in different metals |
| title_full | Effects of H^{−} low beam irradiation and high field pulsing tests in different metals |
| title_fullStr | Effects of H^{−} low beam irradiation and high field pulsing tests in different metals |
| title_full_unstemmed | Effects of H^{−} low beam irradiation and high field pulsing tests in different metals |
| title_short | Effects of H^{−} low beam irradiation and high field pulsing tests in different metals |
| title_sort | effects of h low beam irradiation and high field pulsing tests in different metals |
| url | http://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevAccelBeams.28.013101 |
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