Emerging Resistance and Virulence Patterns in <i>Salmonella enterica</i>: Insights into Silver Nanoparticles as an Antimicrobial Strategy
Background/Objectives: This study aims to characterize antibiotic resistance (AR) and virulence markers in <i>Salmonella</i> spp. isolated from Romanian outpatients’ stool samples. Methods: In 2019, community-acquired <i>Salmonella</i> strains were collected and identified us...
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MDPI AG
2025-01-01
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| author | Irina Gheorghe-Barbu Ilda Czobor Barbu Rareș-Ionuț Dragomir Ioana Cristina Marinaș Miruna Silvia Stan Radu Pericleanu Andreea Ștefania Dumbravă Liviu-Iulian Rotaru Simona Paraschiv Leontina Mirela Bănică Ionuț Pecete Dan Oțelea Violeta Corina Cristea Mircea Ioan Popa Marilena Monica Țânțu Marius Surleac |
| author_facet | Irina Gheorghe-Barbu Ilda Czobor Barbu Rareș-Ionuț Dragomir Ioana Cristina Marinaș Miruna Silvia Stan Radu Pericleanu Andreea Ștefania Dumbravă Liviu-Iulian Rotaru Simona Paraschiv Leontina Mirela Bănică Ionuț Pecete Dan Oțelea Violeta Corina Cristea Mircea Ioan Popa Marilena Monica Țânțu Marius Surleac |
| author_sort | Irina Gheorghe-Barbu |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Background/Objectives: This study aims to characterize antibiotic resistance (AR) and virulence markers in <i>Salmonella</i> spp. isolated from Romanian outpatients’ stool samples. Methods: In 2019, community-acquired <i>Salmonella</i> strains were collected and identified using MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry, antibiotic susceptibility profiles have been determined with the MicroScan system, and soluble virulence factors were evaluated using specific culture media, while biofilm formation was quantified in 96-well plates. Molecular analysis targeted resistance genes for β-lactams (e.g., <i>bla</i><sub>TEM</sub> and <i>bla</i><sub>SHV</sub>); tetracyclines (e.g., <i>tet(A)</i>); sulphonamides; and quinolones, as well as virulence genes (e.g., <i>invA</i>, <i>spvC</i>, <i>pldA</i>, and <i>held</i>). Whole-genome sequencing (WGS) was performed on 19 selected isolates. A silver nanoparticles (AgNPsol) alternative to conventional antibiotics was tested for effectiveness against multidrug-resistant (MDR) isolates. Results: From the total of 309 <i>Salmonella</i> isolates (65.05% from children under 4 years of age) belonging to four subtypes and four serovars, 27.86% showed resistance to at least one antibiotic, most frequently to tetracycline, ampicillin, and piperacillin. The strains frequently expressed haemolysin (67%), aesculinase (65%), and gelatinase (62%). Resistance to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole was encoded by the <i>sul1</i> gene in 44.83% of the strains and to tetracyclines by the <i>tet(A)</i> gene (59.52%). The ESBL genes <i>bla</i><sub>TEM</sub>, <i>bla</i><sub>SHV</sub>, and <i>bla</i><sub>CTX-M</sub> were detected by PCR in 16.18%, 2.91%, and 0.65% of the strains, respectively. Additionally, 98.63% of the strains carried the <i>invA</i> marker, with notable positive associations between <i>bla</i><sub>SHV</sub>, <i>qnrB</i>, and <i>sul1</i> with <i>spvC</i>. Conclusions: The present findings revealed significant patterns in <i>Salmonella</i> isolates, subtypes, serovars, AR, and virulence, emphasising the need for continuous surveillance of <i>Salmonella</i> infections. Additionally, the potential of AgNPs as an alternative treatment option was demonstrated, particularly for paediatric <i>S. enterica</i> infections. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-3b486d30519743e1a034251207d9af9f |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2079-6382 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-01-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Antibiotics |
| spelling | doaj-art-3b486d30519743e1a034251207d9af9f2025-01-24T13:18:43ZengMDPI AGAntibiotics2079-63822025-01-011414610.3390/antibiotics14010046Emerging Resistance and Virulence Patterns in <i>Salmonella enterica</i>: Insights into Silver Nanoparticles as an Antimicrobial StrategyIrina Gheorghe-Barbu0Ilda Czobor Barbu1Rareș-Ionuț Dragomir2Ioana Cristina Marinaș3Miruna Silvia Stan4Radu Pericleanu5Andreea Ștefania Dumbravă6Liviu-Iulian Rotaru7Simona Paraschiv8Leontina Mirela Bănică9Ionuț Pecete10Dan Oțelea11Violeta Corina Cristea12Mircea Ioan Popa13Marilena Monica Țânțu14Marius Surleac15Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, 060101 Bucharest, RomaniaDepartment of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, 060101 Bucharest, RomaniaDepartment of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, 060101 Bucharest, RomaniaThe Research Institute of the University of Bucharest (ICUB), 050095 Bucharest, RomaniaThe Research Institute of the University of Bucharest (ICUB), 050095 Bucharest, RomaniaDepartment of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, 060101 Bucharest, RomaniaDepartment of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, 060101 Bucharest, RomaniaDepartment of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, 060101 Bucharest, RomaniaNational Institute for Infectious Diseases Prof. Dr. Matei Bals, 021105 Bucharest, RomaniaNational Institute for Infectious Diseases Prof. Dr. Matei Bals, 021105 Bucharest, RomaniaSynevo Central Lab Romania, 021408 Bucharest, RomaniaNational Institute for Infectious Diseases Prof. Dr. Matei Bals, 021105 Bucharest, RomaniaFaculty of Medicine, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, RomaniaFaculty of Medicine, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, RomaniaNational University of Science and Technology Politechnica of Bucharest, 060042 Bucharest, RomaniaThe Research Institute of the University of Bucharest (ICUB), 050095 Bucharest, RomaniaBackground/Objectives: This study aims to characterize antibiotic resistance (AR) and virulence markers in <i>Salmonella</i> spp. isolated from Romanian outpatients’ stool samples. Methods: In 2019, community-acquired <i>Salmonella</i> strains were collected and identified using MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry, antibiotic susceptibility profiles have been determined with the MicroScan system, and soluble virulence factors were evaluated using specific culture media, while biofilm formation was quantified in 96-well plates. Molecular analysis targeted resistance genes for β-lactams (e.g., <i>bla</i><sub>TEM</sub> and <i>bla</i><sub>SHV</sub>); tetracyclines (e.g., <i>tet(A)</i>); sulphonamides; and quinolones, as well as virulence genes (e.g., <i>invA</i>, <i>spvC</i>, <i>pldA</i>, and <i>held</i>). Whole-genome sequencing (WGS) was performed on 19 selected isolates. A silver nanoparticles (AgNPsol) alternative to conventional antibiotics was tested for effectiveness against multidrug-resistant (MDR) isolates. Results: From the total of 309 <i>Salmonella</i> isolates (65.05% from children under 4 years of age) belonging to four subtypes and four serovars, 27.86% showed resistance to at least one antibiotic, most frequently to tetracycline, ampicillin, and piperacillin. The strains frequently expressed haemolysin (67%), aesculinase (65%), and gelatinase (62%). Resistance to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole was encoded by the <i>sul1</i> gene in 44.83% of the strains and to tetracyclines by the <i>tet(A)</i> gene (59.52%). The ESBL genes <i>bla</i><sub>TEM</sub>, <i>bla</i><sub>SHV</sub>, and <i>bla</i><sub>CTX-M</sub> were detected by PCR in 16.18%, 2.91%, and 0.65% of the strains, respectively. Additionally, 98.63% of the strains carried the <i>invA</i> marker, with notable positive associations between <i>bla</i><sub>SHV</sub>, <i>qnrB</i>, and <i>sul1</i> with <i>spvC</i>. Conclusions: The present findings revealed significant patterns in <i>Salmonella</i> isolates, subtypes, serovars, AR, and virulence, emphasising the need for continuous surveillance of <i>Salmonella</i> infections. Additionally, the potential of AgNPs as an alternative treatment option was demonstrated, particularly for paediatric <i>S. enterica</i> infections.https://www.mdpi.com/2079-6382/14/1/46salmonellosis<i>Salmonella enterica</i> Typhimuriumpaediatric patientsalternative antimicrobial solutions based on silver nanoparticles |
| spellingShingle | Irina Gheorghe-Barbu Ilda Czobor Barbu Rareș-Ionuț Dragomir Ioana Cristina Marinaș Miruna Silvia Stan Radu Pericleanu Andreea Ștefania Dumbravă Liviu-Iulian Rotaru Simona Paraschiv Leontina Mirela Bănică Ionuț Pecete Dan Oțelea Violeta Corina Cristea Mircea Ioan Popa Marilena Monica Țânțu Marius Surleac Emerging Resistance and Virulence Patterns in <i>Salmonella enterica</i>: Insights into Silver Nanoparticles as an Antimicrobial Strategy Antibiotics salmonellosis <i>Salmonella enterica</i> Typhimurium paediatric patients alternative antimicrobial solutions based on silver nanoparticles |
| title | Emerging Resistance and Virulence Patterns in <i>Salmonella enterica</i>: Insights into Silver Nanoparticles as an Antimicrobial Strategy |
| title_full | Emerging Resistance and Virulence Patterns in <i>Salmonella enterica</i>: Insights into Silver Nanoparticles as an Antimicrobial Strategy |
| title_fullStr | Emerging Resistance and Virulence Patterns in <i>Salmonella enterica</i>: Insights into Silver Nanoparticles as an Antimicrobial Strategy |
| title_full_unstemmed | Emerging Resistance and Virulence Patterns in <i>Salmonella enterica</i>: Insights into Silver Nanoparticles as an Antimicrobial Strategy |
| title_short | Emerging Resistance and Virulence Patterns in <i>Salmonella enterica</i>: Insights into Silver Nanoparticles as an Antimicrobial Strategy |
| title_sort | emerging resistance and virulence patterns in i salmonella enterica i insights into silver nanoparticles as an antimicrobial strategy |
| topic | salmonellosis <i>Salmonella enterica</i> Typhimurium paediatric patients alternative antimicrobial solutions based on silver nanoparticles |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2079-6382/14/1/46 |
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