Therapeutic Potential of Clove Oil in Mitigating Cadmium-Induced Hepatorenal Toxicity Through Antioxidant, Anti-Inflammatory, and Antiapoptotic Mechanisms
Hazardous heavy metals, particularly cadmium (Cd), are widely distributed in the environment and cause oxidative stress in various animal and human organs. Clove oil (CLO), a common aromatic spice, has been used as a traditional medication as it has potent anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and hepatop...
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2025-01-01
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| author | Inas M. Elgharib Fatma M. Abdelhamid Gehad E. Elshopakey Hatem Sembawa Talat A. Albukhari Waheed A. Filimban Rehab M. Bagadood Mohamed E. El-Boshy Engy F. Risha |
| author_facet | Inas M. Elgharib Fatma M. Abdelhamid Gehad E. Elshopakey Hatem Sembawa Talat A. Albukhari Waheed A. Filimban Rehab M. Bagadood Mohamed E. El-Boshy Engy F. Risha |
| author_sort | Inas M. Elgharib |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Hazardous heavy metals, particularly cadmium (Cd), are widely distributed in the environment and cause oxidative stress in various animal and human organs. Clove oil (CLO), a common aromatic spice, has been used as a traditional medication as it has potent anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and hepatoprotective properties. Background/Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the antioxidant, antiapoptotic, and anti-inflammatory effects of clove oil (CLO) against hepatorenal toxicity induced by cadmium (Cd). Methods: Twenty rats were equally divided into four groups: a control group, a Cd group treated with 15 mg/kg b.wt CdCl<sub>2</sub>, a CLO group administered 200 mg/kg b.wt CLO, and a Cd+CLO group. All groups were orally treated for 4 weeks. Results: Cadmium (Cd) exposure caused anemia and hepatorenal damage, as evidenced by increased serum levels of urea, creatinine, uric acid, total bilirubin (including its direct and indirect fractions), and elevated activities of liver enzymes such as alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP). However, total protein and albumin levels decreased. Furthermore, there was a decrease in the levels of glutathione, glutathione transferase, and catalase in the liver antioxidant profiles. Meanwhile, malondialdehyde levels increased. Cadmium toxicity caused elevated expression of liver apoptosis markers, such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and caspase-3, and inflammation. CLO ameliorated the oxidative effects of Cd through decreasing urea (27.4%), creatinine (41.6%), liver enzymes, and hepatic apoptotic markers while increasing levels of total protein, albumin, and hepatic values of SOD (60.37%), CAT (64.49%), GSH (50.41%), and GST (9.16%). Conclusions: Hematological and biochemical parameters, as well as the antioxidant system, improved following clove oil treatment, leading to a reduction in hepatorenal damage. Therefore, it is possible to conclude that CLO protects rats from inflammation, apoptosis, and hepatorenal oxidative damage caused by Cd poisoning. Comprehensive translational research is required to validate CLO’s efficacy and safety of use in humans. Future studies should focus on elucidating the precise molecular mechanisms, optimal dosing strategies, and potential synergistic effects of CLO with other therapeutic agents. |
| format | Article |
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| institution | Kabale University |
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| publishDate | 2025-01-01 |
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| spelling | doaj-art-36ccd27035aa4acdbf4fcbb8ee38a9f42025-01-24T13:45:22ZengMDPI AGPharmaceuticals1424-82472025-01-011819410.3390/ph18010094Therapeutic Potential of Clove Oil in Mitigating Cadmium-Induced Hepatorenal Toxicity Through Antioxidant, Anti-Inflammatory, and Antiapoptotic MechanismsInas M. Elgharib0Fatma M. Abdelhamid1Gehad E. Elshopakey2Hatem Sembawa3Talat A. Albukhari4Waheed A. Filimban5Rehab M. Bagadood6Mohamed E. El-Boshy7Engy F. Risha8Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, EgyptDepartment of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, EgyptDepartment of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, EgyptDepartment of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Umm Alqura University, Makkah P.O. Box 7607, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Hematology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Umm Alqura University, Makkah P.O. Box 7607, Saudi ArabiaPathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah P.O. Box 7607, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah P.O. Box 7607, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, EgyptDepartment of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, EgyptHazardous heavy metals, particularly cadmium (Cd), are widely distributed in the environment and cause oxidative stress in various animal and human organs. Clove oil (CLO), a common aromatic spice, has been used as a traditional medication as it has potent anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and hepatoprotective properties. Background/Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the antioxidant, antiapoptotic, and anti-inflammatory effects of clove oil (CLO) against hepatorenal toxicity induced by cadmium (Cd). Methods: Twenty rats were equally divided into four groups: a control group, a Cd group treated with 15 mg/kg b.wt CdCl<sub>2</sub>, a CLO group administered 200 mg/kg b.wt CLO, and a Cd+CLO group. All groups were orally treated for 4 weeks. Results: Cadmium (Cd) exposure caused anemia and hepatorenal damage, as evidenced by increased serum levels of urea, creatinine, uric acid, total bilirubin (including its direct and indirect fractions), and elevated activities of liver enzymes such as alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP). However, total protein and albumin levels decreased. Furthermore, there was a decrease in the levels of glutathione, glutathione transferase, and catalase in the liver antioxidant profiles. Meanwhile, malondialdehyde levels increased. Cadmium toxicity caused elevated expression of liver apoptosis markers, such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and caspase-3, and inflammation. CLO ameliorated the oxidative effects of Cd through decreasing urea (27.4%), creatinine (41.6%), liver enzymes, and hepatic apoptotic markers while increasing levels of total protein, albumin, and hepatic values of SOD (60.37%), CAT (64.49%), GSH (50.41%), and GST (9.16%). Conclusions: Hematological and biochemical parameters, as well as the antioxidant system, improved following clove oil treatment, leading to a reduction in hepatorenal damage. Therefore, it is possible to conclude that CLO protects rats from inflammation, apoptosis, and hepatorenal oxidative damage caused by Cd poisoning. Comprehensive translational research is required to validate CLO’s efficacy and safety of use in humans. Future studies should focus on elucidating the precise molecular mechanisms, optimal dosing strategies, and potential synergistic effects of CLO with other therapeutic agents.https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8247/18/1/94clove oilcadmium chloridehepatorenal toxicityoxidant/antioxidant statusapoptotic markers |
| spellingShingle | Inas M. Elgharib Fatma M. Abdelhamid Gehad E. Elshopakey Hatem Sembawa Talat A. Albukhari Waheed A. Filimban Rehab M. Bagadood Mohamed E. El-Boshy Engy F. Risha Therapeutic Potential of Clove Oil in Mitigating Cadmium-Induced Hepatorenal Toxicity Through Antioxidant, Anti-Inflammatory, and Antiapoptotic Mechanisms Pharmaceuticals clove oil cadmium chloride hepatorenal toxicity oxidant/antioxidant status apoptotic markers |
| title | Therapeutic Potential of Clove Oil in Mitigating Cadmium-Induced Hepatorenal Toxicity Through Antioxidant, Anti-Inflammatory, and Antiapoptotic Mechanisms |
| title_full | Therapeutic Potential of Clove Oil in Mitigating Cadmium-Induced Hepatorenal Toxicity Through Antioxidant, Anti-Inflammatory, and Antiapoptotic Mechanisms |
| title_fullStr | Therapeutic Potential of Clove Oil in Mitigating Cadmium-Induced Hepatorenal Toxicity Through Antioxidant, Anti-Inflammatory, and Antiapoptotic Mechanisms |
| title_full_unstemmed | Therapeutic Potential of Clove Oil in Mitigating Cadmium-Induced Hepatorenal Toxicity Through Antioxidant, Anti-Inflammatory, and Antiapoptotic Mechanisms |
| title_short | Therapeutic Potential of Clove Oil in Mitigating Cadmium-Induced Hepatorenal Toxicity Through Antioxidant, Anti-Inflammatory, and Antiapoptotic Mechanisms |
| title_sort | therapeutic potential of clove oil in mitigating cadmium induced hepatorenal toxicity through antioxidant anti inflammatory and antiapoptotic mechanisms |
| topic | clove oil cadmium chloride hepatorenal toxicity oxidant/antioxidant status apoptotic markers |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8247/18/1/94 |
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