Effects of Hook Maneuver on Oxygen Saturation Recovery After −40 m Apnea Dive—A Randomized Crossover Trial
To reduce the risk of syncope, trained breath-hold divers (BHDs) use a specialized breathing technique after surfacing called “hook breathing” (HB). It consists of a full inspiration followed by a Valsalva-like maneuver and with subsequent exhalation performed against resistance to generate continuo...
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MDPI AG
2025-01-01
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| Series: | Sports |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4663/13/1/24 |
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| author | Francisco DeAsís-Fernández Álvaro Reina-Varona Evangelos Papotsidakis Juan Lafuente José Fierro-Marrero |
| author_facet | Francisco DeAsís-Fernández Álvaro Reina-Varona Evangelos Papotsidakis Juan Lafuente José Fierro-Marrero |
| author_sort | Francisco DeAsís-Fernández |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | To reduce the risk of syncope, trained breath-hold divers (BHDs) use a specialized breathing technique after surfacing called “hook breathing” (HB). It consists of a full inspiration followed by a Valsalva-like maneuver and with subsequent exhalation performed against resistance to generate continuous positive airway pressure during exhalation. This study analyzed the influence of HB on oxygen saturation recovery after a −40 m depth apnea dive in trained BHDs. Thirteen BHDs performed two dives to −40 m at different days, one followed by HB after a dive and the other using usual breathing (UB). To detect signs of lung edema, ultrasound B-line measurements were conducted before, 10 min after the dive, and within 1 h after the dive. To detect oxygen saturation recovery, pulse oximetry was recorded before and immediately after surfacing. Both groups exhibited significant increases in SpO<sub>2</sub> over time (UB: F (2.25, 24.7) = 22.1, <i>p</i> < 0.001, ηg2 = 0.612; HB: F (2.11, 23.2) = 29.0, <i>p</i> < 0.001, ηg2 = 0.688). Significant differences in SpO<sub>2</sub> were observed between the HB and UB groups at 30–45 s post-apnea, with higher SpO<sub>2</sub> values in the HB group; between 1.64 and 5.08% of SpO<sub>2</sub> in favor of the HB intervention. Four participants showed ultrasound B-lines within ten minutes post-dive. After a 40 m apnea dive, the results revealed significant SpO<sub>2</sub> recovery from 30 s to 45 s, with the HB recovering more rapidly. No differences were found at earlier (10–25 s) or later time points (50–60 s). |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-369fb43600174d738162970d44c9dc34 |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2075-4663 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-01-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Sports |
| spelling | doaj-art-369fb43600174d738162970d44c9dc342025-01-24T13:49:54ZengMDPI AGSports2075-46632025-01-011312410.3390/sports13010024Effects of Hook Maneuver on Oxygen Saturation Recovery After −40 m Apnea Dive—A Randomized Crossover TrialFrancisco DeAsís-Fernández0Álvaro Reina-Varona1Evangelos Papotsidakis2Juan Lafuente3José Fierro-Marrero4Department of Physical Therapy, Occupational Therapy, Rehabilitation and Physical Medicine, Rey Juan Carlos University, 28922 Madrid, SpainMotion in Brains Research Group, Centro Superior de Estudios Universitarios La Salle, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28023 Madrid, SpainDepartamento de Oxigenoterápia Hiperbárica, CRIS-UTH, Hospital Moisses Brogges, 08970 Barcelona, SpainCentro Médico Mapfre, 08009 Barcelona, SpainMotion in Brains Research Group, Centro Superior de Estudios Universitarios La Salle, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28023 Madrid, SpainTo reduce the risk of syncope, trained breath-hold divers (BHDs) use a specialized breathing technique after surfacing called “hook breathing” (HB). It consists of a full inspiration followed by a Valsalva-like maneuver and with subsequent exhalation performed against resistance to generate continuous positive airway pressure during exhalation. This study analyzed the influence of HB on oxygen saturation recovery after a −40 m depth apnea dive in trained BHDs. Thirteen BHDs performed two dives to −40 m at different days, one followed by HB after a dive and the other using usual breathing (UB). To detect signs of lung edema, ultrasound B-line measurements were conducted before, 10 min after the dive, and within 1 h after the dive. To detect oxygen saturation recovery, pulse oximetry was recorded before and immediately after surfacing. Both groups exhibited significant increases in SpO<sub>2</sub> over time (UB: F (2.25, 24.7) = 22.1, <i>p</i> < 0.001, ηg2 = 0.612; HB: F (2.11, 23.2) = 29.0, <i>p</i> < 0.001, ηg2 = 0.688). Significant differences in SpO<sub>2</sub> were observed between the HB and UB groups at 30–45 s post-apnea, with higher SpO<sub>2</sub> values in the HB group; between 1.64 and 5.08% of SpO<sub>2</sub> in favor of the HB intervention. Four participants showed ultrasound B-lines within ten minutes post-dive. After a 40 m apnea dive, the results revealed significant SpO<sub>2</sub> recovery from 30 s to 45 s, with the HB recovering more rapidly. No differences were found at earlier (10–25 s) or later time points (50–60 s).https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4663/13/1/24breath-hold divehypoxiahypoxic syncopelung squeezeultrasounddrowning |
| spellingShingle | Francisco DeAsís-Fernández Álvaro Reina-Varona Evangelos Papotsidakis Juan Lafuente José Fierro-Marrero Effects of Hook Maneuver on Oxygen Saturation Recovery After −40 m Apnea Dive—A Randomized Crossover Trial Sports breath-hold dive hypoxia hypoxic syncope lung squeeze ultrasound drowning |
| title | Effects of Hook Maneuver on Oxygen Saturation Recovery After −40 m Apnea Dive—A Randomized Crossover Trial |
| title_full | Effects of Hook Maneuver on Oxygen Saturation Recovery After −40 m Apnea Dive—A Randomized Crossover Trial |
| title_fullStr | Effects of Hook Maneuver on Oxygen Saturation Recovery After −40 m Apnea Dive—A Randomized Crossover Trial |
| title_full_unstemmed | Effects of Hook Maneuver on Oxygen Saturation Recovery After −40 m Apnea Dive—A Randomized Crossover Trial |
| title_short | Effects of Hook Maneuver on Oxygen Saturation Recovery After −40 m Apnea Dive—A Randomized Crossover Trial |
| title_sort | effects of hook maneuver on oxygen saturation recovery after 40 m apnea dive a randomized crossover trial |
| topic | breath-hold dive hypoxia hypoxic syncope lung squeeze ultrasound drowning |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4663/13/1/24 |
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