First M87 Event Horizon Telescope Results. III. Data Processing and Calibration
We present the calibration and reduction of Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) 1.3 mm radio wavelength observations of the supermassive black hole candidate at the center of the radio galaxy M87 and the quasar 3C 279, taken during the 2017 April 5–11 observing campaign. These global very long baseline in...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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2019-01-01
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| Series: | The Astrophysical Journal Letters |
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| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/ab0c57 |
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| author | The Event Horizon Telescope Collaboration Kazunori Akiyama Antxon Alberdi Walter Alef Keiichi Asada Rebecca Azulay Anne-Kathrin Baczko David Ball Mislav Baloković John Barrett Dan Bintley Lindy Blackburn Wilfred Boland Katherine L. Bouman Geoffrey C. Bower Michael Bremer Christiaan D. Brinkerink Roger Brissenden Silke Britzen Avery E. Broderick Dominique Broguiere Thomas Bronzwaer Do-Young Byun John E. Carlstrom Andrew Chael Chi-kwan Chan Shami Chatterjee Koushik Chatterjee Ming-Tang Chen Yongjun Chen Ilje Cho Pierre Christian John E. Conway James M. Cordes Geoffrey B. Crew Yuzhu Cui Jordy Davelaar Mariafelicia De Laurentis Roger Deane Jessica Dempsey Gregory Desvignes Jason Dexter Sheperd S. Doeleman Ralph P. Eatough Heino Falcke Vincent L. Fish Ed Fomalont Raquel Fraga-Encinas Per Friberg Christian M. Fromm José L. Gómez Peter Galison Charles F. Gammie Roberto García Olivier Gentaz Boris Georgiev Ciriaco Goddi Roman Gold Minfeng Gu Mark Gurwell Kazuhiro Hada Michael H. Hecht Ronald Hesper Luis C. Ho Paul Ho Mareki Honma Chih-Wei L. Huang Lei Huang David H. Hughes Shiro Ikeda Makoto Inoue Sara Issaoun David J. James Buell T. Jannuzi Michael Janssen Britton Jeter Wu Jiang Michael D. Johnson Svetlana Jorstad Taehyun Jung Mansour Karami Ramesh Karuppusamy Tomohisa Kawashima Garrett K. Keating Mark Kettenis Jae-Young Kim Junhan Kim Jongsoo Kim Motoki Kino Jun Yi Koay Patrick M. Koch Shoko Koyama Michael Kramer Carsten Kramer Thomas P. Krichbaum Cheng-Yu Kuo Tod R. Lauer Sang-Sung Lee Yan-Rong Li Zhiyuan Li Michael Lindqvist Kuo Liu Elisabetta Liuzzo Wen-Ping Lo Andrei P. Lobanov Laurent Loinard Colin Lonsdale Ru-Sen Lu Nicholas R. MacDonald Jirong Mao Sera Markoff Daniel P. Marrone Alan P. Marscher Iván Martí-Vidal Satoki Matsushita Lynn D. Matthews Lia Medeiros Karl M. Menten Yosuke Mizuno Izumi Mizuno James M. Moran Kotaro Moriyama Monika Moscibrodzka Cornelia Müller Hiroshi Nagai Neil M. Nagar Masanori Nakamura Ramesh Narayan Gopal Narayanan Iniyan Natarajan Roberto Neri Chunchong Ni Aristeidis Noutsos Hiroki Okino Héctor Olivares Gisela N. Ortiz-León Tomoaki Oyama Feryal Özel Daniel C. M. Palumbo Nimesh Patel Ue-Li Pen Dominic W. Pesce Vincent Piétu Richard Plambeck Aleksandar PopStefanija Oliver Porth Ben Prather Jorge A. Preciado-López Dimitrios Psaltis Hung-Yi Pu Venkatessh Ramakrishnan Ramprasad Rao Mark G. Rawlings Alexander W. Raymond Luciano Rezzolla Bart Ripperda Freek Roelofs Alan Rogers Eduardo Ros Mel Rose Arash Roshanineshat Helge Rottmann Alan L. Roy Chet Ruszczyk Benjamin R. Ryan Kazi L. J. Rygl Salvador Sánchez David Sánchez-Arguelles Mahito Sasada Tuomas Savolainen F. Peter Schloerb Karl-Friedrich Schuster Lijing Shao Zhiqiang Shen Des Small Bong Won Sohn Jason SooHoo Fumie Tazaki Paul Tiede Remo P. J. Tilanus Michael Titus Kenji Toma Pablo Torne Tyler Trent Sascha Trippe Shuichiro Tsuda Ilse van Bemmel Huib Jan van Langevelde Daniel R. van Rossum Jan Wagner John Wardle Jonathan Weintroub Norbert Wex Robert Wharton Maciek Wielgus George N. Wong Qingwen Wu André Young Ken Young Ziri Younsi Feng Yuan Ye-Fei Yuan J. Anton Zensus Guangyao Zhao Shan-Shan Zhao Ziyan Zhu Roger Cappallo Joseph R. Farah Thomas W. Folkers Zheng Meyer-Zhao Daniel Michalik Andrew Nadolski Hiroaki Nishioka Nicolas Pradel Rurik A. Primiani Kamal Souccar Laura Vertatschitsch Paul Yamaguchi |
| author_facet | The Event Horizon Telescope Collaboration Kazunori Akiyama Antxon Alberdi Walter Alef Keiichi Asada Rebecca Azulay Anne-Kathrin Baczko David Ball Mislav Baloković John Barrett Dan Bintley Lindy Blackburn Wilfred Boland Katherine L. Bouman Geoffrey C. Bower Michael Bremer Christiaan D. Brinkerink Roger Brissenden Silke Britzen Avery E. Broderick Dominique Broguiere Thomas Bronzwaer Do-Young Byun John E. Carlstrom Andrew Chael Chi-kwan Chan Shami Chatterjee Koushik Chatterjee Ming-Tang Chen Yongjun Chen Ilje Cho Pierre Christian John E. Conway James M. Cordes Geoffrey B. Crew Yuzhu Cui Jordy Davelaar Mariafelicia De Laurentis Roger Deane Jessica Dempsey Gregory Desvignes Jason Dexter Sheperd S. Doeleman Ralph P. Eatough Heino Falcke Vincent L. Fish Ed Fomalont Raquel Fraga-Encinas Per Friberg Christian M. Fromm José L. Gómez Peter Galison Charles F. Gammie Roberto García Olivier Gentaz Boris Georgiev Ciriaco Goddi Roman Gold Minfeng Gu Mark Gurwell Kazuhiro Hada Michael H. Hecht Ronald Hesper Luis C. Ho Paul Ho Mareki Honma Chih-Wei L. Huang Lei Huang David H. Hughes Shiro Ikeda Makoto Inoue Sara Issaoun David J. James Buell T. Jannuzi Michael Janssen Britton Jeter Wu Jiang Michael D. Johnson Svetlana Jorstad Taehyun Jung Mansour Karami Ramesh Karuppusamy Tomohisa Kawashima Garrett K. Keating Mark Kettenis Jae-Young Kim Junhan Kim Jongsoo Kim Motoki Kino Jun Yi Koay Patrick M. Koch Shoko Koyama Michael Kramer Carsten Kramer Thomas P. Krichbaum Cheng-Yu Kuo Tod R. Lauer Sang-Sung Lee Yan-Rong Li Zhiyuan Li Michael Lindqvist Kuo Liu Elisabetta Liuzzo Wen-Ping Lo Andrei P. Lobanov Laurent Loinard Colin Lonsdale Ru-Sen Lu Nicholas R. MacDonald Jirong Mao Sera Markoff Daniel P. Marrone Alan P. Marscher Iván Martí-Vidal Satoki Matsushita Lynn D. Matthews Lia Medeiros Karl M. Menten Yosuke Mizuno Izumi Mizuno James M. Moran Kotaro Moriyama Monika Moscibrodzka Cornelia Müller Hiroshi Nagai Neil M. Nagar Masanori Nakamura Ramesh Narayan Gopal Narayanan Iniyan Natarajan Roberto Neri Chunchong Ni Aristeidis Noutsos Hiroki Okino Héctor Olivares Gisela N. Ortiz-León Tomoaki Oyama Feryal Özel Daniel C. M. Palumbo Nimesh Patel Ue-Li Pen Dominic W. Pesce Vincent Piétu Richard Plambeck Aleksandar PopStefanija Oliver Porth Ben Prather Jorge A. Preciado-López Dimitrios Psaltis Hung-Yi Pu Venkatessh Ramakrishnan Ramprasad Rao Mark G. Rawlings Alexander W. Raymond Luciano Rezzolla Bart Ripperda Freek Roelofs Alan Rogers Eduardo Ros Mel Rose Arash Roshanineshat Helge Rottmann Alan L. Roy Chet Ruszczyk Benjamin R. Ryan Kazi L. J. Rygl Salvador Sánchez David Sánchez-Arguelles Mahito Sasada Tuomas Savolainen F. Peter Schloerb Karl-Friedrich Schuster Lijing Shao Zhiqiang Shen Des Small Bong Won Sohn Jason SooHoo Fumie Tazaki Paul Tiede Remo P. J. Tilanus Michael Titus Kenji Toma Pablo Torne Tyler Trent Sascha Trippe Shuichiro Tsuda Ilse van Bemmel Huib Jan van Langevelde Daniel R. van Rossum Jan Wagner John Wardle Jonathan Weintroub Norbert Wex Robert Wharton Maciek Wielgus George N. Wong Qingwen Wu André Young Ken Young Ziri Younsi Feng Yuan Ye-Fei Yuan J. Anton Zensus Guangyao Zhao Shan-Shan Zhao Ziyan Zhu Roger Cappallo Joseph R. Farah Thomas W. Folkers Zheng Meyer-Zhao Daniel Michalik Andrew Nadolski Hiroaki Nishioka Nicolas Pradel Rurik A. Primiani Kamal Souccar Laura Vertatschitsch Paul Yamaguchi |
| author_sort | The Event Horizon Telescope Collaboration |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | We present the calibration and reduction of Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) 1.3 mm radio wavelength observations of the supermassive black hole candidate at the center of the radio galaxy M87 and the quasar 3C 279, taken during the 2017 April 5–11 observing campaign. These global very long baseline interferometric observations include for the first time the highly sensitive Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA); reaching an angular resolution of 25 μ as, with characteristic sensitivity limits of ∼1 mJy on baselines to ALMA and ∼10 mJy on other baselines. The observations present challenges for existing data processing tools, arising from the rapid atmospheric phase fluctuations, wide recording bandwidth, and highly heterogeneous array. In response, we developed three independent pipelines for phase calibration and fringe detection, each tailored to the specific needs of the EHT. The final data products include calibrated total intensity amplitude and phase information. They are validated through a series of quality assurance tests that show consistency across pipelines and set limits on baseline systematic errors of 2% in amplitude and 1° in phase. The M87 data reveal the presence of two nulls in correlated flux density at ∼3.4 and ∼8.3 G λ and temporal evolution in closure quantities, indicating intrinsic variability of compact structure on a timescale of days, or several light-crossing times for a few billion solar-mass black hole. These measurements provide the first opportunity to image horizon-scale structure in M87. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-353aa57f628f4717a68712d29a793059 |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2041-8205 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2019-01-01 |
| publisher | IOP Publishing |
| record_format | Article |
| series | The Astrophysical Journal Letters |
| spelling | doaj-art-353aa57f628f4717a68712d29a7930592025-08-20T03:38:06ZengIOP PublishingThe Astrophysical Journal Letters2041-82052019-01-018751L310.3847/2041-8213/ab0c57First M87 Event Horizon Telescope Results. III. Data Processing and CalibrationThe Event Horizon Telescope CollaborationKazunori Akiyama0https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9475-4254Antxon Alberdi1https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9371-1033Walter Alef2Keiichi Asada3Rebecca Azulay4https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2200-5393Anne-Kathrin Baczko5https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3090-3975David Ball6Mislav Baloković7https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0476-6647John Barrett8https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9290-0764Dan Bintley9Lindy Blackburn10https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9030-642XWilfred Boland11Katherine L. Bouman12https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0077-4367Geoffrey C. Bower13https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4056-9982Michael Bremer14Christiaan D. Brinkerink15https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2322-0749Roger Brissenden16https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2556-0894Silke Britzen17https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9240-6734Avery E. Broderick18https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3351-760XDominique Broguiere19Thomas Bronzwaer20Do-Young Byun21https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1157-4109John E. Carlstrom22Andrew Chael23https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2966-6220Chi-kwan Chan24https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6337-6126Shami Chatterjee25https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2878-1502Koushik Chatterjee26Ming-Tang Chen27Yongjun Chen28Ilje Cho29https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6083-7521Pierre Christian30https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6820-9941John E. Conway31https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2448-9181James M. Cordes32Geoffrey B. Crew33https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2079-3189Yuzhu Cui34https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6311-4345Jordy Davelaar35https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2685-2434Mariafelicia De Laurentis36https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9945-682XRoger Deane37https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1027-5043Jessica Dempsey38https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1269-9667Gregory Desvignes39https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3922-4055Jason Dexter40https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3903-0373Sheperd S. Doeleman41https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9031-0904Ralph P. Eatough42https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6196-4135Heino Falcke43https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2526-6724Vincent L. Fish44https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7128-9345Ed Fomalont45Raquel Fraga-Encinas46https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5222-1361Per Friberg47Christian M. Fromm48José L. Gómez49https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4190-7613Peter Galison50https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6429-3872Charles F. Gammie51https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7451-8935Roberto García52Olivier Gentaz53Boris Georgiev54https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3586-6424Ciriaco Goddi55Roman Gold56https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2492-1966Minfeng Gu57https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4455-6946Mark Gurwell58https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0685-3621Kazuhiro Hada59https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6906-772XMichael H. Hecht60Ronald Hesper61https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1918-6098Luis C. Ho62https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6947-5846Paul Ho63Mareki Honma64https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4058-9000Chih-Wei L. Huang65https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5641-3953Lei Huang66David H. Hughes67Shiro Ikeda68https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2462-1448Makoto Inoue69Sara Issaoun70https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5297-921XDavid J. James71https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5160-4486Buell T. Jannuzi72Michael Janssen73https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8685-6544Britton Jeter74https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2847-1712Wu Jiang75https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7369-3539Michael D. Johnson76https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4120-3029Svetlana Jorstad77https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6158-1708Taehyun Jung78https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7003-8643Mansour Karami79https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7387-9333Ramesh Karuppusamy80https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5307-2919Tomohisa Kawashima81https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8527-0496Garrett K. Keating82https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3490-146XMark Kettenis83https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6156-5617Jae-Young Kim84https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8229-7183Junhan Kim85https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4274-9373Jongsoo Kim86Motoki Kino87https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2709-7338Jun Yi Koay88https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7029-6658Patrick M. Koch89https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2777-5861Shoko Koyama90https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3723-3372Michael Kramer91https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4175-2271Carsten Kramer92https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4908-4925Thomas P. Krichbaum93https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4892-9586Cheng-Yu Kuo94Tod R. Lauer95https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3234-7247Sang-Sung Lee96https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6269-594XYan-Rong Li97https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5841-9179Zhiyuan Li98https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0355-6437Michael Lindqvist99https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3669-0715Kuo Liu100https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2953-7376Elisabetta Liuzzo101https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0995-5201Wen-Ping Lo102Andrei P. Lobanov103Laurent Loinard104https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5635-3345Colin Lonsdale105Ru-Sen Lu106https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7692-7967Nicholas R. MacDonald107https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6684-8691Jirong Mao108https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7077-7195Sera Markoff109https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9564-0876Daniel P. Marrone110https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2367-1080Alan P. Marscher111https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7396-3332Iván Martí-Vidal112https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3708-9611Satoki Matsushita113Lynn D. Matthews114https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3728-8082Lia Medeiros115https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2342-6728Karl M. Menten116https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6459-0669Yosuke Mizuno117https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8131-6730Izumi Mizuno118https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7210-6264James M. Moran119https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3882-4414Kotaro Moriyama120https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1364-3761Monika Moscibrodzka121https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4661-6332Cornelia Müller122https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2739-2994Hiroshi Nagai123https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0292-3645Neil M. Nagar124https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6920-662XMasanori Nakamura125https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6081-2420Ramesh Narayan126https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1919-2730Gopal Narayanan127Iniyan Natarajan128https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8242-4373Roberto Neri129Chunchong Ni130https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1361-5699Aristeidis Noutsos131https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4151-3860Hiroki Okino132Héctor Olivares133https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6833-7580Gisela N. Ortiz-León134https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2863-676XTomoaki Oyama135Feryal Özel136Daniel C. M. Palumbo137https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7179-3816Nimesh Patel138Ue-Li Pen139https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2155-9578Dominic W. Pesce140https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5278-9221Vincent Piétu141Richard Plambeck142Aleksandar PopStefanija143Oliver Porth144https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4584-2557Ben Prather145https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0393-7734Jorge A. Preciado-López146https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4146-0113Dimitrios Psaltis147Hung-Yi Pu148https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9270-8812Venkatessh Ramakrishnan149https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9248-086XRamprasad Rao150https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1407-7944Mark G. Rawlings151Alexander W. Raymond152https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5779-4767Luciano Rezzolla153https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1330-7103Bart Ripperda154https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7301-3908Freek Roelofs155https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5461-3687Alan Rogers156Eduardo Ros157https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9503-4892Mel Rose158https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2016-8746Arash Roshanineshat159Helge Rottmann160Alan L. Roy161https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1931-0135Chet Ruszczyk162https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7278-9707Benjamin R. Ryan163https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8939-4461Kazi L. J. Rygl164https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4146-9043Salvador Sánchez165David Sánchez-Arguelles166https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7344-9920Mahito Sasada167https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5946-9960Tuomas Savolainen168https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6214-1085F. Peter Schloerb169Karl-Friedrich Schuster170Lijing Shao171https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1334-8853Zhiqiang Shen172https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3540-8746Des Small173https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3723-5404Bong Won Sohn174https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4148-8378Jason SooHoo175https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1938-0720Fumie Tazaki176https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0236-0600Paul Tiede177https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3826-5648Remo P. J. Tilanus178https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6514-553XMichael Titus179https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9001-3275Kenji Toma180https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7114-6010Pablo Torne181https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8700-6058Tyler Trent182Sascha Trippe183https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0465-1559Shuichiro Tsuda184Ilse van Bemmel185https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5473-2950Huib Jan van Langevelde186https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0230-5946Daniel R. van Rossum187https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7772-6131Jan Wagner188John Wardle189https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8960-2942Jonathan Weintroub190https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4603-5204Norbert Wex191https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4058-2837Robert Wharton192https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7416-5209Maciek Wielgus193https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8635-4242George N. Wong194https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6952-2147Qingwen Wu195https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4773-4987André Young196https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0000-2682Ken Young197https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3666-4920Ziri Younsi198https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9283-1191Feng Yuan199https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3564-6437Ye-Fei Yuan200J. Anton Zensus201https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7470-3321Guangyao Zhao202https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4417-1659Shan-Shan Zhao203https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9774-3606Ziyan Zhu204Roger Cappallo205Joseph R. Farah206https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4914-5625Thomas W. Folkers207Zheng Meyer-Zhao208Daniel Michalik209https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7618-6556Andrew Nadolski210https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9479-9957Hiroaki Nishioka211Nicolas Pradel212Rurik A. Primiani213https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3910-7529Kamal Souccar214Laura Vertatschitsch215Paul Yamaguchi216https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6017-8199National Radio Astronomy Observatory, 520 Edgemont Rd, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA; Massachusetts Institute of Technology Haystack Observatory, 99 Millstone Road, Westford, MA 01886, USA; National Astronomical Observatory of Japan, 2-21-1 Osawa, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-8588, Japan; Black Hole Initiative at Harvard University , 20 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USAInstituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía-CSIC, Glorieta de la Astronomía s/n, E-18008 Granada, SpainMax-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69, D-53121 Bonn, GermanyInstitute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica, 11F of Astronomy-Mathematics Building, AS/NTU No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd, Taipei 10617, Taiwan, R.O.C.Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69, D-53121 Bonn, Germany; Departament d’Astronomia i Astrofísica, Universitat de València , C. 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Cherry Avenue, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA; Data Science Institute, University of Arizona , 1230 N. Cherry Ave., Tucson, AZ 85721, USACornell Center for Astrophysics and Planetary Science, Cornell University , Ithaca, NY 14853, USAAnton Pannekoek Institute for Astronomy, University of Amsterdam , Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The NetherlandsInstitute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica, 645 N. A’ohoku Place, Hilo, HI 96720, USAShanghai Astronomical Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 80 Nandan Road, Shanghai 200030, People’s Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Radio Astronomy, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, People’s Republic of ChinaKorea Astronomy and Space Science Institute, Daedeok-daero 776, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34055, Republic of Korea; University of Science and Technology , Gajeong-ro 217, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34113, Republic of KoreaSteward Observatory and Department of Astronomy, University of Arizona , 933 N. Cherry Avenue, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA; Center for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USADepartment of Space, Earth and Environment, Chalmers University of Technology , Onsala Space Observatory, SE-43992 Onsala, SwedenCornell Center for Astrophysics and Planetary Science, Cornell University , Ithaca, NY 14853, USAMassachusetts Institute of Technology Haystack Observatory, 99 Millstone Road, Westford, MA 01886, USAMizusawa VLBI Observatory, National Astronomical Observatory of Japan, 2-12 Hoshigaoka, Mizusawa, Oshu, Iwate 023-0861, Japan; Department of Astronomical Science, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI) , 2-21-1 Osawa, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-8588, JapanDepartment of Astrophysics, Institute for Mathematics, Astrophysics and Particle Physics (IMAPP), Radboud University , P.O. Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen, The NetherlandsDipartimento di Fisica “E. Pancini”, Universitá di Napoli “Federico II” , Compl. Univ. di Monte S. Angelo, Edificio G, Via Cinthia, I-80126, Napoli, Italy; Institut für Theoretische Physik, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt , Max-von-Laue-Straße 1, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; INFN Sez. di Napoli, Compl. Univ. di Monte S. Angelo , Edificio G, Via Cinthia, I-80126, Napoli, ItalyDepartment of Physics, University of Pretoria , Lynnwood Road, Hatfield, Pretoria 0083, South Africa; Centre for Radio Astronomy Techniques and Technologies, Department of Physics and Electronics, Rhodes University , Grahamstown 6140, South AfricaEast Asian Observatory, 660 N. 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A’ohoku Pl., Hilo, HI 96720, USAInstitut für Theoretische Physik, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt , Max-von-Laue-Straße 1, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, GermanyInstituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía-CSIC, Glorieta de la Astronomía s/n, E-18008 Granada, SpainBlack Hole Initiative at Harvard University , 20 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Department of History of Science, Harvard University , Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Department of Physics, Harvard University , Cambridge, MA 02138, USADepartment of Physics, University of Illinois , 1110 West Green St, Urbana, IL 61801, USA; Department of Astronomy, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , 1002 West Green Street, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USAInstitut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique, 300 rue de la Piscine, F-38406 Saint Martin d’Hères, FranceInstitut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique, 300 rue de la Piscine, F-38406 Saint Martin d’Hères, FranceDepartment of Physics and Astronomy, University of Waterloo , 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, CanadaDepartment of Astrophysics, Institute for Mathematics, Astrophysics and Particle Physics (IMAPP), Radboud University , P.O. 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Box 9513, 2300 RA Leiden, The NetherlandsInstitut für Theoretische Physik, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt , Max-von-Laue-Straße 1, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, GermanyShanghai Astronomical Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 80 Nandan Road, Shanghai 200030, People’s Republic of China; Key Laboratory for Research in Galaxies and Cosmology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200030, People’s Republic of ChinaCenter for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USAMizusawa VLBI Observatory, National Astronomical Observatory of Japan, 2-12 Hoshigaoka, Mizusawa, Oshu, Iwate 023-0861, Japan; Department of Astronomical Science, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI) , 2-21-1 Osawa, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-8588, JapanMassachusetts Institute of Technology Haystack Observatory, 99 Millstone Road, Westford, MA 01886, USANOVA Sub-mm Instrumentation Group, Kapteyn Astronomical Institute, University of Groningen , Landleven 12, 9747 AD Groningen, The NetherlandsDepartment of Astronomy, School of Physics, Peking University , Beijing 100871, People’s Republic of China; Kavli Institute for Astronomy and Astrophysics, Peking University , Beijing 100871, People’s Republic of ChinaInstitute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica, 11F of Astronomy-Mathematics Building, AS/NTU No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd, Taipei 10617, Taiwan, R.O.C.Mizusawa VLBI Observatory, National Astronomical Observatory of Japan, 2-12 Hoshigaoka, Mizusawa, Oshu, Iwate 023-0861, Japan; Department of Astronomical Science, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI) , 2-21-1 Osawa, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-8588, JapanInstitute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica, 11F of Astronomy-Mathematics Building, AS/NTU No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd, Taipei 10617, Taiwan, R.O.C.Shanghai Astronomical Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 80 Nandan Road, Shanghai 200030, People’s Republic of China; Key Laboratory for Research in Galaxies and Cosmology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200030, People’s Republic of ChinaInstituto Nacional de Astrofísica, Óptica y Electrónica. Apartado Postal 51 y 216, 72000. Puebla Pue., MéxicoNational Astronomical Observatory of Japan, 2-21-1 Osawa, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-8588, Japan; The Institute of Statistical Mathematics, 10-3 Midori-cho, Tachikawa, Tokyo, 190-8562, Japan; Department of Statistical Science, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI) , 10-3 Midori-cho, Tachikawa, Tokyo 190-8562, Japan; Kavli Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe, The University of Tokyo , 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, 277-8583, JapanInstitute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica, 11F of Astronomy-Mathematics Building, AS/NTU No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd, Taipei 10617, Taiwan, R.O.C.Department of Astrophysics, Institute for Mathematics, Astrophysics and Particle Physics (IMAPP), Radboud University , P.O. Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen, The NetherlandsBlack Hole Initiative at Harvard University , 20 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Center for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USASteward Observatory and Department of Astronomy, University of Arizona , 933 N. Cherry Avenue, Tucson, AZ 85721, USADepartment of Astrophysics, Institute for Mathematics, Astrophysics and Particle Physics (IMAPP), Radboud University , P.O. Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen, The NetherlandsDepartment of Physics and Astronomy, University of Waterloo , 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada; Waterloo Centre for Astrophysics, University of Waterloo , Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, CanadaShanghai Astronomical Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 80 Nandan Road, Shanghai 200030, People’s Republic of ChinaBlack Hole Initiative at Harvard University , 20 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Center for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USAInstitute for Astrophysical Research, Boston University , 725 Commonwealth Ave., Boston, MA 02215, USA; Astronomical Institute, St. Petersburg University , Universitetskij pr., 28, Petrodvorets,198504 St.Petersburg, RussiaKorea Astronomy and Space Science Institute, Daedeok-daero 776, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34055, Republic of Korea; University of Science and Technology , Gajeong-ro 217, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34113, Republic of KoreaPerimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics, 31 Caroline Street North, Waterloo, ON, N2L 2Y5, Canada; Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Waterloo , 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, CanadaMax-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69, D-53121 Bonn, GermanyNational Astronomical Observatory of Japan, 2-21-1 Osawa, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-8588, JapanCenter for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USAJoint Institute for VLBI ERIC (JIVE), Oude Hoogeveensedijk 4, 7991 PD Dwingeloo, The NetherlandsMax-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69, D-53121 Bonn, GermanySteward Observatory and Department of Astronomy, University of Arizona , 933 N. Cherry Avenue, Tucson, AZ 85721, USAKorea Astronomy and Space Science Institute, Daedeok-daero 776, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34055, Republic of KoreaNational Astronomical Observatory of Japan, 2-21-1 Osawa, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-8588, Japan; Kogakuin University of Technology and Engineering , Academic Support Center, 2665-1 Nakano, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0015, JapanInstitute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica, 11F of Astronomy-Mathematics Building, AS/NTU No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd, Taipei 10617, Taiwan, R.O.C.Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica, 11F of Astronomy-Mathematics Building, AS/NTU No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd, Taipei 10617, Taiwan, R.O.C.Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica, 11F of Astronomy-Mathematics Building, AS/NTU No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd, Taipei 10617, Taiwan, R.O.C.Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69, D-53121 Bonn, GermanyInstitut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique, 300 rue de la Piscine, F-38406 Saint Martin d’Hères, FranceMax-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69, D-53121 Bonn, GermanyPhysics Department, National Sun Yat-Sen University , No. 70, Lien-Hai Rd, Kaosiung City 80424, Taiwan, R.O.CNational Optical Astronomy Observatory, 950 North Cherry Ave., Tucson, AZ 85719, USAKorea Astronomy and Space Science Institute, Daedeok-daero 776, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34055, Republic of KoreaKey Laboratory for Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19B Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing, People’s Republic of ChinaSchool of Astronomy and Space Science, Nanjing University , Nanjing 210023, People’s Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Modern Astronomy and Astrophysics, Nanjing University , Nanjing 210023, People’s Republic of ChinaDepartment of Space, Earth and Environment, Chalmers University of Technology , Onsala Space Observatory, SE-43992 Onsala, SwedenMax-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69, D-53121 Bonn, GermanyItalian ALMA Regional Centre, INAF-Istituto di Radioastronomia, Via P. Gobetti 101, I-40129 Bologna, ItalyInstitute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica, 11F of Astronomy-Mathematics Building, AS/NTU No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd, Taipei 10617, Taiwan, R.O.C.; Department of Physics, National Taiwan University , No.1, Sect.4, Roosevelt Rd., Taipei 10617, Taiwan, R.O.CMax-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69, D-53121 Bonn, GermanyInstituto de Radioastronomía y Astrofísica, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México , Morelia 58089, México; Instituto de Astronomía, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México , CdMx 04510, MéxicoMassachusetts Institute of Technology Haystack Observatory, 99 Millstone Road, Westford, MA 01886, USAMax-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69, D-53121 Bonn, Germany; Shanghai Astronomical Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 80 Nandan Road, Shanghai 200030, People’s Republic of ChinaMax-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69, D-53121 Bonn, GermanyYunnan Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 650011 Kunming, Yunnan Province, People’s Republic of China; Center for Astronomical Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 20A Datun Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100012, People’s Republic of China; Key Laboratory for the Structure and Evolution of Celestial Objects, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 650011 Kunming, People’s Republic of ChinaAnton Pannekoek Institute for Astronomy, University of Amsterdam , Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Gravitation Astroparticle Physics Amsterdam (GRAPPA) Institute, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The NetherlandsSteward Observatory and Department of Astronomy, University of Arizona , 933 N. Cherry Avenue, Tucson, AZ 85721, USAInstitute for Astrophysical Research, Boston University , 725 Commonwealth Ave., Boston, MA 02215, USADepartment of Space, Earth and Environment, Chalmers University of Technology , Onsala Space Observatory, SE-43992 Onsala, Sweden; Centro Astronómico de Yebes (IGN), Apartado 148, E-19180 Yebes, SpainInstitute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica, 11F of Astronomy-Mathematics Building, AS/NTU No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd, Taipei 10617, Taiwan, R.O.C.Massachusetts Institute of Technology Haystack Observatory, 99 Millstone Road, Westford, MA 01886, USASteward Observatory and Department of Astronomy, University of Arizona , 933 N. Cherry Avenue, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA; Department of Physics, Broida Hall, University of California Santa Barbara , Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USAMax-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69, D-53121 Bonn, GermanyInstitut für Theoretische Physik, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt , Max-von-Laue-Straße 1, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, GermanyEast Asian Observatory, 660 N. A’ohoku Pl., Hilo, HI 96720, USABlack Hole Initiative at Harvard University , 20 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Center for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USAMassachusetts Institute of Technology Haystack Observatory, 99 Millstone Road, Westford, MA 01886, USA; Mizusawa VLBI Observatory, National Astronomical Observatory of Japan, 2-12 Hoshigaoka, Mizusawa, Oshu, Iwate 023-0861, JapanDepartment of Astrophysics, Institute for Mathematics, Astrophysics and Particle Physics (IMAPP), Radboud University , P.O. 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Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen, The NetherlandsNational Astronomical Observatory of Japan, 2-21-1 Osawa, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-8588, Japan; Department of Astronomical Science, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI) , 2-21-1 Osawa, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-8588, JapanAstronomy Department, Universidad de Concepción , Casilla 160-C, Concepción, ChileInstitute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica, 11F of Astronomy-Mathematics Building, AS/NTU No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd, Taipei 10617, Taiwan, R.O.C.Black Hole Initiative at Harvard University , 20 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Center for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USADepartment of Astronomy, University of Massachusetts , 01003, Amherst, MA, USACentre for Radio Astronomy Techniques and Technologies, Department of Physics and Electronics, Rhodes University , Grahamstown 6140, South AfricaInstitut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique, 300 rue de la Piscine, F-38406 Saint Martin d’Hères, FranceDepartment of Physics and Astronomy, University of Waterloo , 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada; Waterloo Centre for Astrophysics, University of Waterloo , Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, CanadaMax-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69, D-53121 Bonn, GermanyMizusawa VLBI Observatory, National Astronomical Observatory of Japan, 2-12 Hoshigaoka, Mizusawa, Oshu, Iwate 023-0861, Japan; Department of Astronomy, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo , 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, JapanInstitut für Theoretische Physik, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt , Max-von-Laue-Straße 1, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, GermanyMax-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69, D-53121 Bonn, GermanyMizusawa VLBI Observatory, National Astronomical Observatory of Japan, 2-12 Hoshigaoka, Mizusawa, Oshu, Iwate 023-0861, JapanSteward Observatory and Department of Astronomy, University of Arizona , 933 N. Cherry Avenue, Tucson, AZ 85721, USABlack Hole Initiative at Harvard University , 20 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Center for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USACenter for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USAPerimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics, 31 Caroline Street North, Waterloo, ON, N2L 2Y5, Canada; Canadian Institute for Theoretical Astrophysics, University of Toronto , 60 St. George Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3H8, Canada; Dunlap Institute for Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of Toronto , 50 St. George Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3H4, Canada; Canadian Institute for Advanced Research, 180 Dundas St West, Toronto, ON M5G 1Z8, CanadaBlack Hole Initiative at Harvard University , 20 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Center for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USAInstitut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique, 300 rue de la Piscine, F-38406 Saint Martin d’Hères, FranceRadio Astronomy Laboratory, University of California , Berkeley, CA 94720, USADepartment of Astronomy, University of Massachusetts , 01003, Amherst, MA, USAAnton Pannekoek Institute for Astronomy, University of Amsterdam , Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Institut für Theoretische Physik, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt , Max-von-Laue-Straße 1, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, GermanyDepartment of Physics, University of Illinois , 1110 West Green St, Urbana, IL 61801, USAPerimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics, 31 Caroline Street North, Waterloo, ON, N2L 2Y5, CanadaSteward Observatory and Department of Astronomy, University of Arizona , 933 N. Cherry Avenue, Tucson, AZ 85721, USAPerimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics, 31 Caroline Street North, Waterloo, ON, N2L 2Y5, CanadaAstronomy Department, Universidad de Concepción , Casilla 160-C, Concepción, ChileInstitute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica, 645 N. A’ohoku Place, Hilo, HI 96720, USAEast Asian Observatory, 660 N. A’ohoku Pl., Hilo, HI 96720, USABlack Hole Initiative at Harvard University , 20 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Center for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USAInstitut für Theoretische Physik, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt , Max-von-Laue-Straße 1, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, GermanyInstitut für Theoretische Physik, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt , Max-von-Laue-Straße 1, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, GermanyDepartment of Astrophysics, Institute for Mathematics, Astrophysics and Particle Physics (IMAPP), Radboud University , P.O. Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen, The NetherlandsMassachusetts Institute of Technology Haystack Observatory, 99 Millstone Road, Westford, MA 01886, USAMax-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69, D-53121 Bonn, GermanySteward Observatory and Department of Astronomy, University of Arizona , 933 N. Cherry Avenue, Tucson, AZ 85721, USASteward Observatory and Department of Astronomy, University of Arizona , 933 N. Cherry Avenue, Tucson, AZ 85721, USAMax-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69, D-53121 Bonn, GermanyMax-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69, D-53121 Bonn, GermanyMassachusetts Institute of Technology Haystack Observatory, 99 Millstone Road, Westford, MA 01886, USACCS-2, Los Alamos National Laboratory, P.O. Box 1663, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA; Center for Theoretical Astrophysics, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, 87545, USAItalian ALMA Regional Centre, INAF-Istituto di Radioastronomia, Via P. 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Insurgentes Sur 1582, 03940, Ciudad de México, MéxicoMizusawa VLBI Observatory, National Astronomical Observatory of Japan, 2-12 Hoshigaoka, Mizusawa, Oshu, Iwate 023-0861, Japan; Hiroshima Astrophysical Science Center, Hiroshima University , 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8526, JapanMax-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69, D-53121 Bonn, Germany; Aalto University Department of Electronics and Nanoengineering , PL 15500, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland; Aalto University Metsähovi Radio Observatory , Metsähovintie 114, FI-02540 Kylmälä, FinlandDepartment of Astronomy, University of Massachusetts , 01003, Amherst, MA, USAInstitut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique, 300 rue de la Piscine, F-38406 Saint Martin d’Hères, FranceMax-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69, D-53121 Bonn, Germany; Kavli Institute for Astronomy and Astrophysics, Peking University , Beijing 100871, People’s Republic of ChinaShanghai Astronomical Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 80 Nandan Road, Shanghai 200030, People’s Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Radio Astronomy, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, People’s Republic of ChinaJoint Institute for VLBI ERIC (JIVE), Oude Hoogeveensedijk 4, 7991 PD Dwingeloo, The NetherlandsKorea Astronomy and Space Science Institute, Daedeok-daero 776, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34055, Republic of Korea; University of Science and Technology , Gajeong-ro 217, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea; Department of Astronomy, Yonsei University , Yonsei-ro 50, Seodaemun-gu, 03722 Seoul, Republic of KoreaMassachusetts Institute of Technology Haystack Observatory, 99 Millstone Road, Westford, MA 01886, USAMizusawa VLBI Observatory, National Astronomical Observatory of Japan, 2-12 Hoshigaoka, Mizusawa, Oshu, Iwate 023-0861, JapanPerimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics, 31 Caroline Street North, Waterloo, ON, N2L 2Y5, Canada; Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Waterloo , 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, CanadaDepartment of Astrophysics, Institute for Mathematics, Astrophysics and Particle Physics (IMAPP), Radboud University , P.O. Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Leiden Observatory—Allegro, Leiden University , P.O. Box 9513, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands; Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research (NWO), Postbus 93138, 2509 AC Den Haag, The NetherlandsMassachusetts Institute of Technology Haystack Observatory, 99 Millstone Road, Westford, MA 01886, USAFrontier Research Institute for Interdisciplinary Sciences, Tohoku University , Sendai 980-8578, Japan; Astronomical Institute, Tohoku University , Sendai 980-8578, JapanMax-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69, D-53121 Bonn, Germany; Instituto de Radioastronomía Milimétrica, IRAM, Avenida Divina Pastora 7, Local 20, E-18012, Granada, SpainSteward Observatory and Department of Astronomy, University of Arizona , 933 N. Cherry Avenue, Tucson, AZ 85721, USADepartment of Physics and Astronomy, Seoul National University , Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of KoreaMizusawa VLBI Observatory, National Astronomical Observatory of Japan, 2-12 Hoshigaoka, Mizusawa, Oshu, Iwate 023-0861, JapanJoint Institute for VLBI ERIC (JIVE), Oude Hoogeveensedijk 4, 7991 PD Dwingeloo, The NetherlandsJoint Institute for VLBI ERIC (JIVE), Oude Hoogeveensedijk 4, 7991 PD Dwingeloo, The Netherlands; Leiden Observatory, Leiden University , Postbus 2300, 9513 RA Leiden, The NetherlandsDepartment of Astrophysics, Institute for Mathematics, Astrophysics and Particle Physics (IMAPP), Radboud University , P.O. Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen, The NetherlandsMax-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69, D-53121 Bonn, GermanyPhysics Department, Brandeis University , 415 South Street, Waltham, MA 02453, USABlack Hole Initiative at Harvard University , 20 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Center for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USAMax-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69, D-53121 Bonn, GermanyMax-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69, D-53121 Bonn, GermanyBlack Hole Initiative at Harvard University , 20 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Center for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USADepartment of Physics, University of Illinois , 1110 West Green St, Urbana, IL 61801, USASchool of Physics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, People’s Republic of ChinaDepartment of Astrophysics, Institute for Mathematics, Astrophysics and Particle Physics (IMAPP), Radboud University , P.O. Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen, The NetherlandsCenter for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USAInstitut für Theoretische Physik, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt , Max-von-Laue-Straße 1, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Mullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London , Holmbury St. Mary, Dorking, Surrey, RH5 6NT, UKShanghai Astronomical Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 80 Nandan Road, Shanghai 200030, People’s Republic of China; Key Laboratory for Research in Galaxies and Cosmology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200030, People’s Republic of China; School of Astronomy and Space Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, People’s Republic of ChinaAstronomy Department, University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei 230026, People’s Republic of ChinaMax-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69, D-53121 Bonn, GermanyKorea Astronomy and Space Science Institute, Daedeok-daero 776, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34055, Republic of KoreaDepartment of Astrophysics, Institute for Mathematics, Astrophysics and Particle Physics (IMAPP), Radboud University , P.O. Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen, The Netherlands; School of Astronomy and Space Science, Nanjing University , Nanjing 210023, People’s Republic of ChinaDepartment of Physics, Harvard University , Cambridge, MA 02138, USAMassachusetts Institute of Technology Haystack Observatory, 99 Millstone Road, Westford, MA 01886, USABlack Hole Initiative at Harvard University , 20 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Center for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; University of Massachusetts Boston , 100 William T, Morrissey Blvd, Boston, MA 02125, USASteward Observatory and Department of Astronomy, University of Arizona , 933 N. Cherry Avenue, Tucson, AZ 85721, USAInstitute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica, 11F of Astronomy-Mathematics Building, AS/NTU No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd, Taipei 10617, Taiwan, R.O.C.; ASTRON, Oude Hoogeveensedijk 4, 7991 PD Dwingeloo, The NetherlandsScience Support Office, Directorate of Science, European Space Research and Technology Centre (ESA/ESTEC), Keplerlaan 1, 2201 AZ Noordwijk, The Netherlands; University of Chicago , 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637, USADepartment of Astronomy, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , 1002 West Green Street, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USAInstitute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica, 11F of Astronomy-Mathematics Building, AS/NTU No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd, Taipei 10617, Taiwan, R.O.C.Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica, 11F of Astronomy-Mathematics Building, AS/NTU No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd, Taipei 10617, Taiwan, R.O.C.Center for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Systems and Technology Research, 600 West Cummings Park, Woburn, MA 01801, USADepartment of Astronomy, University of Massachusetts , 01003, Amherst, MA, USACenter for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Systems and Technology Research, 600 West Cummings Park, Woburn, MA 01801, USACenter for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USAWe present the calibration and reduction of Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) 1.3 mm radio wavelength observations of the supermassive black hole candidate at the center of the radio galaxy M87 and the quasar 3C 279, taken during the 2017 April 5–11 observing campaign. These global very long baseline interferometric observations include for the first time the highly sensitive Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA); reaching an angular resolution of 25 μ as, with characteristic sensitivity limits of ∼1 mJy on baselines to ALMA and ∼10 mJy on other baselines. The observations present challenges for existing data processing tools, arising from the rapid atmospheric phase fluctuations, wide recording bandwidth, and highly heterogeneous array. In response, we developed three independent pipelines for phase calibration and fringe detection, each tailored to the specific needs of the EHT. The final data products include calibrated total intensity amplitude and phase information. They are validated through a series of quality assurance tests that show consistency across pipelines and set limits on baseline systematic errors of 2% in amplitude and 1° in phase. The M87 data reveal the presence of two nulls in correlated flux density at ∼3.4 and ∼8.3 G λ and temporal evolution in closure quantities, indicating intrinsic variability of compact structure on a timescale of days, or several light-crossing times for a few billion solar-mass black hole. These measurements provide the first opportunity to image horizon-scale structure in M87.https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/ab0c57black hole physicsgalaxies: individual (M87, 3C279)galaxies: jetstechniques: high angular resolutiontechniques: interferometric |
| spellingShingle | The Event Horizon Telescope Collaboration Kazunori Akiyama Antxon Alberdi Walter Alef Keiichi Asada Rebecca Azulay Anne-Kathrin Baczko David Ball Mislav Baloković John Barrett Dan Bintley Lindy Blackburn Wilfred Boland Katherine L. Bouman Geoffrey C. Bower Michael Bremer Christiaan D. Brinkerink Roger Brissenden Silke Britzen Avery E. Broderick Dominique Broguiere Thomas Bronzwaer Do-Young Byun John E. Carlstrom Andrew Chael Chi-kwan Chan Shami Chatterjee Koushik Chatterjee Ming-Tang Chen Yongjun Chen Ilje Cho Pierre Christian John E. Conway James M. Cordes Geoffrey B. Crew Yuzhu Cui Jordy Davelaar Mariafelicia De Laurentis Roger Deane Jessica Dempsey Gregory Desvignes Jason Dexter Sheperd S. Doeleman Ralph P. Eatough Heino Falcke Vincent L. Fish Ed Fomalont Raquel Fraga-Encinas Per Friberg Christian M. Fromm José L. Gómez Peter Galison Charles F. Gammie Roberto García Olivier Gentaz Boris Georgiev Ciriaco Goddi Roman Gold Minfeng Gu Mark Gurwell Kazuhiro Hada Michael H. Hecht Ronald Hesper Luis C. Ho Paul Ho Mareki Honma Chih-Wei L. Huang Lei Huang David H. Hughes Shiro Ikeda Makoto Inoue Sara Issaoun David J. James Buell T. Jannuzi Michael Janssen Britton Jeter Wu Jiang Michael D. Johnson Svetlana Jorstad Taehyun Jung Mansour Karami Ramesh Karuppusamy Tomohisa Kawashima Garrett K. Keating Mark Kettenis Jae-Young Kim Junhan Kim Jongsoo Kim Motoki Kino Jun Yi Koay Patrick M. Koch Shoko Koyama Michael Kramer Carsten Kramer Thomas P. Krichbaum Cheng-Yu Kuo Tod R. Lauer Sang-Sung Lee Yan-Rong Li Zhiyuan Li Michael Lindqvist Kuo Liu Elisabetta Liuzzo Wen-Ping Lo Andrei P. Lobanov Laurent Loinard Colin Lonsdale Ru-Sen Lu Nicholas R. MacDonald Jirong Mao Sera Markoff Daniel P. Marrone Alan P. Marscher Iván Martí-Vidal Satoki Matsushita Lynn D. Matthews Lia Medeiros Karl M. Menten Yosuke Mizuno Izumi Mizuno James M. Moran Kotaro Moriyama Monika Moscibrodzka Cornelia Müller Hiroshi Nagai Neil M. Nagar Masanori Nakamura Ramesh Narayan Gopal Narayanan Iniyan Natarajan Roberto Neri Chunchong Ni Aristeidis Noutsos Hiroki Okino Héctor Olivares Gisela N. Ortiz-León Tomoaki Oyama Feryal Özel Daniel C. M. Palumbo Nimesh Patel Ue-Li Pen Dominic W. Pesce Vincent Piétu Richard Plambeck Aleksandar PopStefanija Oliver Porth Ben Prather Jorge A. Preciado-López Dimitrios Psaltis Hung-Yi Pu Venkatessh Ramakrishnan Ramprasad Rao Mark G. Rawlings Alexander W. Raymond Luciano Rezzolla Bart Ripperda Freek Roelofs Alan Rogers Eduardo Ros Mel Rose Arash Roshanineshat Helge Rottmann Alan L. Roy Chet Ruszczyk Benjamin R. Ryan Kazi L. J. Rygl Salvador Sánchez David Sánchez-Arguelles Mahito Sasada Tuomas Savolainen F. Peter Schloerb Karl-Friedrich Schuster Lijing Shao Zhiqiang Shen Des Small Bong Won Sohn Jason SooHoo Fumie Tazaki Paul Tiede Remo P. J. Tilanus Michael Titus Kenji Toma Pablo Torne Tyler Trent Sascha Trippe Shuichiro Tsuda Ilse van Bemmel Huib Jan van Langevelde Daniel R. van Rossum Jan Wagner John Wardle Jonathan Weintroub Norbert Wex Robert Wharton Maciek Wielgus George N. Wong Qingwen Wu André Young Ken Young Ziri Younsi Feng Yuan Ye-Fei Yuan J. Anton Zensus Guangyao Zhao Shan-Shan Zhao Ziyan Zhu Roger Cappallo Joseph R. Farah Thomas W. Folkers Zheng Meyer-Zhao Daniel Michalik Andrew Nadolski Hiroaki Nishioka Nicolas Pradel Rurik A. Primiani Kamal Souccar Laura Vertatschitsch Paul Yamaguchi First M87 Event Horizon Telescope Results. III. Data Processing and Calibration The Astrophysical Journal Letters black hole physics galaxies: individual (M87, 3C279) galaxies: jets techniques: high angular resolution techniques: interferometric |
| title | First M87 Event Horizon Telescope Results. III. Data Processing and Calibration |
| title_full | First M87 Event Horizon Telescope Results. III. Data Processing and Calibration |
| title_fullStr | First M87 Event Horizon Telescope Results. III. Data Processing and Calibration |
| title_full_unstemmed | First M87 Event Horizon Telescope Results. III. Data Processing and Calibration |
| title_short | First M87 Event Horizon Telescope Results. III. Data Processing and Calibration |
| title_sort | first m87 event horizon telescope results iii data processing and calibration |
| topic | black hole physics galaxies: individual (M87, 3C279) galaxies: jets techniques: high angular resolution techniques: interferometric |
| url | https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/ab0c57 |
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firstm87eventhorizontelescoperesultsiiidataprocessingandcalibration AT georgenwong firstm87eventhorizontelescoperesultsiiidataprocessingandcalibration AT qingwenwu firstm87eventhorizontelescoperesultsiiidataprocessingandcalibration AT andreyoung firstm87eventhorizontelescoperesultsiiidataprocessingandcalibration AT kenyoung firstm87eventhorizontelescoperesultsiiidataprocessingandcalibration AT ziriyounsi firstm87eventhorizontelescoperesultsiiidataprocessingandcalibration AT fengyuan firstm87eventhorizontelescoperesultsiiidataprocessingandcalibration AT yefeiyuan firstm87eventhorizontelescoperesultsiiidataprocessingandcalibration AT jantonzensus firstm87eventhorizontelescoperesultsiiidataprocessingandcalibration AT guangyaozhao firstm87eventhorizontelescoperesultsiiidataprocessingandcalibration AT shanshanzhao firstm87eventhorizontelescoperesultsiiidataprocessingandcalibration AT ziyanzhu firstm87eventhorizontelescoperesultsiiidataprocessingandcalibration AT rogercappallo firstm87eventhorizontelescoperesultsiiidataprocessingandcalibration AT josephrfarah firstm87eventhorizontelescoperesultsiiidataprocessingandcalibration AT thomaswfolkers firstm87eventhorizontelescoperesultsiiidataprocessingandcalibration AT zhengmeyerzhao firstm87eventhorizontelescoperesultsiiidataprocessingandcalibration AT danielmichalik firstm87eventhorizontelescoperesultsiiidataprocessingandcalibration AT andrewnadolski firstm87eventhorizontelescoperesultsiiidataprocessingandcalibration AT hiroakinishioka firstm87eventhorizontelescoperesultsiiidataprocessingandcalibration AT nicolaspradel firstm87eventhorizontelescoperesultsiiidataprocessingandcalibration AT rurikaprimiani firstm87eventhorizontelescoperesultsiiidataprocessingandcalibration AT kamalsouccar firstm87eventhorizontelescoperesultsiiidataprocessingandcalibration AT lauravertatschitsch firstm87eventhorizontelescoperesultsiiidataprocessingandcalibration AT paulyamaguchi firstm87eventhorizontelescoperesultsiiidataprocessingandcalibration |