Sex-specific associations between brominated flame retardants exposure and phenotypic age acceleration in NHANES 2005–2010

BackgroundExposure to brominated flame retardants (BFRs) has been linked to age-related diseases. This study investigates the associations between both individual and combined BFRs exposures and phenotypic age acceleration (PhenoAgeAccel) in U.S. adults.MethodsData from 3,908 U.S. adults from NHANES...

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Main Authors: Weiliang Kong, Yilian Xie, Yina Jin
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Frontiers Media S.A. 2025-04-01
Series:Frontiers in Public Health
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Online Access:https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpubh.2025.1513757/full
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author Weiliang Kong
Yilian Xie
Yina Jin
author_facet Weiliang Kong
Yilian Xie
Yina Jin
author_sort Weiliang Kong
collection DOAJ
description BackgroundExposure to brominated flame retardants (BFRs) has been linked to age-related diseases. This study investigates the associations between both individual and combined BFRs exposures and phenotypic age acceleration (PhenoAgeAccel) in U.S. adults.MethodsData from 3,908 U.S. adults from NHANES 2005–2010 were analyzed. Generalized linear regression models (GLMs) assessed the associations between individual BFRs and PhenoAgeAccel, while weighted quantile sum (WQS) regression and Bayesian Kernel Machine Regression (BKMR) analyses were used to evaluate the effects of combined BFRs exposures.ResultsGLMs indicated significant positive associations between several BFRs and PhenoAgeAccel, including PBDE28 (β = 0.55, 95% CI: 0.13, 0.96), PBDE85 (β = 0.42, 95% CI: 0.11, 0.74), PBDE47 (β = 0.39, 95% CI: 0.04, 0.75), PBDE99 (β = 0.38, 95% CI: 0.07, 0.68), and PBDE154 (β = 0.37, 95% CI: 0.04, 0.70). RCS analysis confirmed nonlinear dose–response relationships for PBDE47 and PBDE99 (P for nonlinearity = 0.03361 and 0.0233, respectively). Stratified analyses revealed that males were more susceptible to BFRs exposure effects, particularly for PBDE99 (P for interaction = 0.027) and PBDE209 (P for interaction = 0.005). The WQS regression showed a significant association between combined BFRs exposure and increased PhenoAgeAccel (β = 0.504, 95% CI: 0.071, 0.937), with PBB153 and PBDE153 as key contributors. BKMR analysis indicated a trend of increasing PhenoAgeAccel with higher BFR exposure levels, primarily driven by PBDE99.ConclusionThis study highlights the significant positive associations between individual and combined BFR exposures and PhenoAgeAccel, with males potentially being more vulnerable to these effects.
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spelling doaj-art-346b3594e89f47a1a7dc4e898d0b5bfc2025-08-20T02:08:24ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Public Health2296-25652025-04-011310.3389/fpubh.2025.15137571513757Sex-specific associations between brominated flame retardants exposure and phenotypic age acceleration in NHANES 2005–2010Weiliang Kong0Yilian Xie1Yina Jin2Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease of Ningbo, First Affiliated Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo, ChinaDepartment of Hepatology, First Affiliated Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo, ChinaDepartment of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease of Ningbo, First Affiliated Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo, ChinaBackgroundExposure to brominated flame retardants (BFRs) has been linked to age-related diseases. This study investigates the associations between both individual and combined BFRs exposures and phenotypic age acceleration (PhenoAgeAccel) in U.S. adults.MethodsData from 3,908 U.S. adults from NHANES 2005–2010 were analyzed. Generalized linear regression models (GLMs) assessed the associations between individual BFRs and PhenoAgeAccel, while weighted quantile sum (WQS) regression and Bayesian Kernel Machine Regression (BKMR) analyses were used to evaluate the effects of combined BFRs exposures.ResultsGLMs indicated significant positive associations between several BFRs and PhenoAgeAccel, including PBDE28 (β = 0.55, 95% CI: 0.13, 0.96), PBDE85 (β = 0.42, 95% CI: 0.11, 0.74), PBDE47 (β = 0.39, 95% CI: 0.04, 0.75), PBDE99 (β = 0.38, 95% CI: 0.07, 0.68), and PBDE154 (β = 0.37, 95% CI: 0.04, 0.70). RCS analysis confirmed nonlinear dose–response relationships for PBDE47 and PBDE99 (P for nonlinearity = 0.03361 and 0.0233, respectively). Stratified analyses revealed that males were more susceptible to BFRs exposure effects, particularly for PBDE99 (P for interaction = 0.027) and PBDE209 (P for interaction = 0.005). The WQS regression showed a significant association between combined BFRs exposure and increased PhenoAgeAccel (β = 0.504, 95% CI: 0.071, 0.937), with PBB153 and PBDE153 as key contributors. BKMR analysis indicated a trend of increasing PhenoAgeAccel with higher BFR exposure levels, primarily driven by PBDE99.ConclusionThis study highlights the significant positive associations between individual and combined BFR exposures and PhenoAgeAccel, with males potentially being more vulnerable to these effects.https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpubh.2025.1513757/fullphenotypic ageagingbrominated flame retardantsNHANESsex-specific
spellingShingle Weiliang Kong
Yilian Xie
Yina Jin
Sex-specific associations between brominated flame retardants exposure and phenotypic age acceleration in NHANES 2005–2010
Frontiers in Public Health
phenotypic age
aging
brominated flame retardants
NHANES
sex-specific
title Sex-specific associations between brominated flame retardants exposure and phenotypic age acceleration in NHANES 2005–2010
title_full Sex-specific associations between brominated flame retardants exposure and phenotypic age acceleration in NHANES 2005–2010
title_fullStr Sex-specific associations between brominated flame retardants exposure and phenotypic age acceleration in NHANES 2005–2010
title_full_unstemmed Sex-specific associations between brominated flame retardants exposure and phenotypic age acceleration in NHANES 2005–2010
title_short Sex-specific associations between brominated flame retardants exposure and phenotypic age acceleration in NHANES 2005–2010
title_sort sex specific associations between brominated flame retardants exposure and phenotypic age acceleration in nhanes 2005 2010
topic phenotypic age
aging
brominated flame retardants
NHANES
sex-specific
url https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpubh.2025.1513757/full
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AT yinajin sexspecificassociationsbetweenbrominatedflameretardantsexposureandphenotypicageaccelerationinnhanes20052010