Ethanolic Extract of <i>Averrhoa carambola</i> Leaf Has an Anticancer Activity on Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Cells: An In Vitro Study
<b>Background/Objectives</b>: <i>Averrhoa carambola</i>, or star fruit, is a shrub known for its medicinal properties, especially due to bioactive metabolites identified in its roots and fruit with anti-cancer activity. However, the biological effects of its leaves remain une...
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| author | Oscar F. Beas-Guzmán Ariana Cabrera-Licona Gustavo A. Hernández-Fuentes Silvia G. Ceballos-Magaña José Guzmán-Esquivel Luis De-León-Zaragoza Mario Ramírez-Flores Janet Diaz-Martinez Idalia Garza-Veloz Margarita L. Martínez-Fierro Iram P. Rodríguez-Sanchez Gabriel Ceja-Espíritu Carmen Meza-Robles Víctor H. Cervantes-Kardasch Iván Delgado-Enciso |
| author_facet | Oscar F. Beas-Guzmán Ariana Cabrera-Licona Gustavo A. Hernández-Fuentes Silvia G. Ceballos-Magaña José Guzmán-Esquivel Luis De-León-Zaragoza Mario Ramírez-Flores Janet Diaz-Martinez Idalia Garza-Veloz Margarita L. Martínez-Fierro Iram P. Rodríguez-Sanchez Gabriel Ceja-Espíritu Carmen Meza-Robles Víctor H. Cervantes-Kardasch Iván Delgado-Enciso |
| author_sort | Oscar F. Beas-Guzmán |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | <b>Background/Objectives</b>: <i>Averrhoa carambola</i>, or star fruit, is a shrub known for its medicinal properties, especially due to bioactive metabolites identified in its roots and fruit with anti-cancer activity. However, the biological effects of its leaves remain unexplored. This study aimed to assess the effects of ethanolic extract from <i>A. carambola</i> leaves on triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC), an aggressive subtype lacking specific therapy. <b>Methods</b>: Phytochemical analysis and HPLC profile and additional cell line evaluation employing MDA-MB-231 were carried out. <b>Results</b>: Phytochemical screening revealed that the ethanolic extract was rich in flavonoids, saponins, and steroids, demonstrating an antioxidant capacity of 45%. <sup>1</sup>H NMR analysis indicated the presence of flavonoids, terpenes, and glycoside-like compounds. Cell viability assays showed a concentration-dependent decrease in viability, with an IC<sub>50</sub> value of 20.89 μg/mL at 48 h. Clonogenic assays indicated significant inhibition of replicative immortality, with only 2.63% survival at 15 μg/mL. Migration, assessed through a wound healing assay, was reduced to 3.06% at 100 μg/mL, with only 16.23% of cells remaining attached. An additive effect was observed when combining lower concentrations of the extract with doxorubicin, indicating potential synergy. <b>Conclusions</b>: These results suggest that the ethanolic extract of <i>A. carambola</i> leaves contains metabolites with anti-cancer activity against TNBC cells, supporting further research into their bioactive compounds and therapeutic potential. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-3397be02798e46c095947216e1455d1d |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 1999-4923 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2024-12-01 |
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| spelling | doaj-art-3397be02798e46c095947216e1455d1d2025-01-24T13:45:32ZengMDPI AGPharmaceutics1999-49232024-12-01171210.3390/pharmaceutics17010002Ethanolic Extract of <i>Averrhoa carambola</i> Leaf Has an Anticancer Activity on Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Cells: An In Vitro StudyOscar F. Beas-Guzmán0Ariana Cabrera-Licona1Gustavo A. Hernández-Fuentes2Silvia G. Ceballos-Magaña3José Guzmán-Esquivel4Luis De-León-Zaragoza5Mario Ramírez-Flores6Janet Diaz-Martinez7Idalia Garza-Veloz8Margarita L. Martínez-Fierro9Iram P. Rodríguez-Sanchez10Gabriel Ceja-Espíritu11Carmen Meza-Robles12Víctor H. Cervantes-Kardasch13Iván Delgado-Enciso14Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Colima, Colima 28040, MexicoState Cancerology Institute of Colima, Health Services of the Mexican Social Security Institute for Welfare (IMSS-BIENESTAR), Colima 28085, MexicoDepartment of Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Colima, Colima 28040, MexicoFaculty of Sciences, University of Colima, Colima 28045, MexicoClinical Epidemiology Research Unit, Mexican Institute of Social Security, Villa de Alvarez, Colima 28984, MexicoState Cancerology Institute of Colima, Health Services of the Mexican Social Security Institute for Welfare (IMSS-BIENESTAR), Colima 28085, MexicoDepartment of Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Colima, Colima 28040, MexicoResearch Center in Minority Institutions, Florida International University (FIU-RCMI), Miami, FL 33199, USAMolecular Medicine Laboratory, Academic Unit of Human Medicine and Health Sciences, Autonomous University of Zacatecas, Zacatecas 98160, MexicoMolecular Medicine Laboratory, Academic Unit of Human Medicine and Health Sciences, Autonomous University of Zacatecas, Zacatecas 98160, MexicoMolecular and Structural Physiology Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences, Autonomous University of Nuevo Leon, San Nicolas de los Garza 66455, MexicoDepartment of Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Colima, Colima 28040, MexicoState Cancerology Institute of Colima, Health Services of the Mexican Social Security Institute for Welfare (IMSS-BIENESTAR), Colima 28085, MexicoDepartment of Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Colima, Colima 28040, MexicoDepartment of Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Colima, Colima 28040, Mexico<b>Background/Objectives</b>: <i>Averrhoa carambola</i>, or star fruit, is a shrub known for its medicinal properties, especially due to bioactive metabolites identified in its roots and fruit with anti-cancer activity. However, the biological effects of its leaves remain unexplored. This study aimed to assess the effects of ethanolic extract from <i>A. carambola</i> leaves on triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC), an aggressive subtype lacking specific therapy. <b>Methods</b>: Phytochemical analysis and HPLC profile and additional cell line evaluation employing MDA-MB-231 were carried out. <b>Results</b>: Phytochemical screening revealed that the ethanolic extract was rich in flavonoids, saponins, and steroids, demonstrating an antioxidant capacity of 45%. <sup>1</sup>H NMR analysis indicated the presence of flavonoids, terpenes, and glycoside-like compounds. Cell viability assays showed a concentration-dependent decrease in viability, with an IC<sub>50</sub> value of 20.89 μg/mL at 48 h. Clonogenic assays indicated significant inhibition of replicative immortality, with only 2.63% survival at 15 μg/mL. Migration, assessed through a wound healing assay, was reduced to 3.06% at 100 μg/mL, with only 16.23% of cells remaining attached. An additive effect was observed when combining lower concentrations of the extract with doxorubicin, indicating potential synergy. <b>Conclusions</b>: These results suggest that the ethanolic extract of <i>A. carambola</i> leaves contains metabolites with anti-cancer activity against TNBC cells, supporting further research into their bioactive compounds and therapeutic potential.https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4923/17/1/2<i>Averrhoa carambola</i>breast cancertriple-negative breast cancerMDA-MB-231 cellspolyphenolsflavonoids |
| spellingShingle | Oscar F. Beas-Guzmán Ariana Cabrera-Licona Gustavo A. Hernández-Fuentes Silvia G. Ceballos-Magaña José Guzmán-Esquivel Luis De-León-Zaragoza Mario Ramírez-Flores Janet Diaz-Martinez Idalia Garza-Veloz Margarita L. Martínez-Fierro Iram P. Rodríguez-Sanchez Gabriel Ceja-Espíritu Carmen Meza-Robles Víctor H. Cervantes-Kardasch Iván Delgado-Enciso Ethanolic Extract of <i>Averrhoa carambola</i> Leaf Has an Anticancer Activity on Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Cells: An In Vitro Study Pharmaceutics <i>Averrhoa carambola</i> breast cancer triple-negative breast cancer MDA-MB-231 cells polyphenols flavonoids |
| title | Ethanolic Extract of <i>Averrhoa carambola</i> Leaf Has an Anticancer Activity on Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Cells: An In Vitro Study |
| title_full | Ethanolic Extract of <i>Averrhoa carambola</i> Leaf Has an Anticancer Activity on Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Cells: An In Vitro Study |
| title_fullStr | Ethanolic Extract of <i>Averrhoa carambola</i> Leaf Has an Anticancer Activity on Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Cells: An In Vitro Study |
| title_full_unstemmed | Ethanolic Extract of <i>Averrhoa carambola</i> Leaf Has an Anticancer Activity on Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Cells: An In Vitro Study |
| title_short | Ethanolic Extract of <i>Averrhoa carambola</i> Leaf Has an Anticancer Activity on Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Cells: An In Vitro Study |
| title_sort | ethanolic extract of i averrhoa carambola i leaf has an anticancer activity on triple negative breast cancer cells an in vitro study |
| topic | <i>Averrhoa carambola</i> breast cancer triple-negative breast cancer MDA-MB-231 cells polyphenols flavonoids |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4923/17/1/2 |
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