Establishing Differences in Thermographic Patterns between the Various Complications in Diabetic Foot Disease
Aim. To evaluate the potential of thermography as an assessment tool for the detection of foot complications by understanding the variations in temperature that occur in type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM). Methods. Participants were categorized according to a medical examination, ankle brachial index, do...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Wiley
2018-01-01
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| Series: | International Journal of Endocrinology |
| Online Access: | http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/9808295 |
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| author | Alfred Gatt Owen Falzon Kevin Cassar Christian Ellul Kenneth P. Camilleri Jean Gauci Stephen Mizzi Anabelle Mizzi Cassandra Sturgeon Liberato Camilleri Nachiappan Chockalingam Cynthia Formosa |
| author_facet | Alfred Gatt Owen Falzon Kevin Cassar Christian Ellul Kenneth P. Camilleri Jean Gauci Stephen Mizzi Anabelle Mizzi Cassandra Sturgeon Liberato Camilleri Nachiappan Chockalingam Cynthia Formosa |
| author_sort | Alfred Gatt |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Aim. To evaluate the potential of thermography as an assessment tool for the detection of foot complications by understanding the variations in temperature that occur in type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM). Methods. Participants were categorized according to a medical examination, ankle brachial index, doppler waveform analysis, and 10-gram monofilament testing into five groups: healthy adult, DM with no complications, DM with peripheral neuropathy, DM with neuroischaemia, and DM with peripheral arterial disease (PAD) groups. Thermographic imaging of the toes and forefeet was performed. Results. 43 neuroischaemic feet, 41 neuropathic feet, 58 PAD feet, 21 DM feet without complications, and 126 healthy feet were analyzed. The temperatures of the feet and toes were significantly higher in the complications group when compared to the healthy adult and DM healthy groups. The higher the temperatures of the foot in DM, the higher the probability that it is affected by neuropathy, neuroischaemia, or PAD. Conclusions. Significant differences in mean temperatures exist between participants who were healthy and those with DM with no known complications when compared to participants with neuroischaemia, neuropathy, or PAD. As foot temperature rises, so does the probability of the presence of complications of neuropathy, neuroischaemia, or peripheral arterial disease. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-303cce82a3fc432ab9c3af8bf618453e |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 1687-8337 1687-8345 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2018-01-01 |
| publisher | Wiley |
| record_format | Article |
| series | International Journal of Endocrinology |
| spelling | doaj-art-303cce82a3fc432ab9c3af8bf618453e2025-02-03T01:12:14ZengWileyInternational Journal of Endocrinology1687-83371687-83452018-01-01201810.1155/2018/98082959808295Establishing Differences in Thermographic Patterns between the Various Complications in Diabetic Foot DiseaseAlfred Gatt0Owen Falzon1Kevin Cassar2Christian Ellul3Kenneth P. Camilleri4Jean Gauci5Stephen Mizzi6Anabelle Mizzi7Cassandra Sturgeon8Liberato Camilleri9Nachiappan Chockalingam10Cynthia Formosa11Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Malta, Msida, MaltaCentre for Biomedical Cybernetics, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malta, Msida, MaltaFaculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Malta, Msida, MaltaFaculty of Health Sciences, University of Malta, Msida, MaltaCentre for Biomedical Cybernetics, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malta, Msida, MaltaCentre for Biomedical Cybernetics, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malta, Msida, MaltaFaculty of Health Sciences, University of Malta, Msida, MaltaFaculty of Health Sciences, University of Malta, Msida, MaltaFaculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Malta, Msida, MaltaDepartment of Statistics and Operations Research, Faculty of Science, University of Malta, Msida, MaltaFaculty of Health Science, Staffordshire University, Stoke-on-Trent, UKFaculty of Health Sciences, University of Malta, Msida, MaltaAim. To evaluate the potential of thermography as an assessment tool for the detection of foot complications by understanding the variations in temperature that occur in type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM). Methods. Participants were categorized according to a medical examination, ankle brachial index, doppler waveform analysis, and 10-gram monofilament testing into five groups: healthy adult, DM with no complications, DM with peripheral neuropathy, DM with neuroischaemia, and DM with peripheral arterial disease (PAD) groups. Thermographic imaging of the toes and forefeet was performed. Results. 43 neuroischaemic feet, 41 neuropathic feet, 58 PAD feet, 21 DM feet without complications, and 126 healthy feet were analyzed. The temperatures of the feet and toes were significantly higher in the complications group when compared to the healthy adult and DM healthy groups. The higher the temperatures of the foot in DM, the higher the probability that it is affected by neuropathy, neuroischaemia, or PAD. Conclusions. Significant differences in mean temperatures exist between participants who were healthy and those with DM with no known complications when compared to participants with neuroischaemia, neuropathy, or PAD. As foot temperature rises, so does the probability of the presence of complications of neuropathy, neuroischaemia, or peripheral arterial disease.http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/9808295 |
| spellingShingle | Alfred Gatt Owen Falzon Kevin Cassar Christian Ellul Kenneth P. Camilleri Jean Gauci Stephen Mizzi Anabelle Mizzi Cassandra Sturgeon Liberato Camilleri Nachiappan Chockalingam Cynthia Formosa Establishing Differences in Thermographic Patterns between the Various Complications in Diabetic Foot Disease International Journal of Endocrinology |
| title | Establishing Differences in Thermographic Patterns between the Various Complications in Diabetic Foot Disease |
| title_full | Establishing Differences in Thermographic Patterns between the Various Complications in Diabetic Foot Disease |
| title_fullStr | Establishing Differences in Thermographic Patterns between the Various Complications in Diabetic Foot Disease |
| title_full_unstemmed | Establishing Differences in Thermographic Patterns between the Various Complications in Diabetic Foot Disease |
| title_short | Establishing Differences in Thermographic Patterns between the Various Complications in Diabetic Foot Disease |
| title_sort | establishing differences in thermographic patterns between the various complications in diabetic foot disease |
| url | http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/9808295 |
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