RETRACTED: Environmental Risk Assessment of Dexamethasone Sodium Phosphate and Tocilizumab Mixture in Zebrafish Early Life Stage (<em>Danio rerio</em>)
Pharmaceuticals are widely regarded as a menace to the aquatic environment. The constant consumption of biologically active chemicals for human health has been matched by an increase in the leaking of these compounds in natural habitats over the last two decades. This study was aimed to evaluate the...
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MDPI AG
2022-05-01
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| Series: | Toxics |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2305-6304/10/6/279 |
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| author | Davide Di Paola Jessica Maria Abbate Carmelo Iaria Marika Cordaro Rosalia Crupi Rosalba Siracusa Ramona D’Amico Roberta Fusco Daniela Impellizzeri Salvatore Cuzzocrea Nunziacarla Spanò Enrico Gugliandolo Alessio Filippo Peritore |
| author_facet | Davide Di Paola Jessica Maria Abbate Carmelo Iaria Marika Cordaro Rosalia Crupi Rosalba Siracusa Ramona D’Amico Roberta Fusco Daniela Impellizzeri Salvatore Cuzzocrea Nunziacarla Spanò Enrico Gugliandolo Alessio Filippo Peritore |
| author_sort | Davide Di Paola |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Pharmaceuticals are widely regarded as a menace to the aquatic environment. The constant consumption of biologically active chemicals for human health has been matched by an increase in the leaking of these compounds in natural habitats over the last two decades. This study was aimed to evaluate the molecular pathway underling the developmental toxicity of exposure in the ecological environment. Zebrafish embryos were exposed at doses of dexamethasone sodium phosphate (DEX) 1 μmol/L, tocilizumab 442.1 μmol/L and dexamethasone + tocilizumab (1 μmol/L and 442.1 μmol/L, respectively) from 24 h post-fertilization (hpf) to 96 hpf. This study confirmed that DEX exposure in association with tocilizumab 442.1 μmol/L at 1 μmol/L (non-toxic concentration) affected the survival and hatching rate, morphology score, and body length. Additionally, it significantly disturbed the antioxidant defense system in zebrafish larvae. Furthermore, a DEX 1 μmol/L and tocilizumab 442.1 μmol/L association also increased the production of apoptosis-related proteins (caspase-3, bax, and bcl-2). |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-2fdff8a6c24d4c12a5473ffaf507d18a |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2305-6304 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2022-05-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Toxics |
| spelling | doaj-art-2fdff8a6c24d4c12a5473ffaf507d18a2025-01-24T16:08:03ZengMDPI AGToxics2305-63042022-05-0110627910.3390/toxics10060279RETRACTED: Environmental Risk Assessment of Dexamethasone Sodium Phosphate and Tocilizumab Mixture in Zebrafish Early Life Stage (<em>Danio rerio</em>)Davide Di Paola0Jessica Maria Abbate1Carmelo Iaria2Marika Cordaro3Rosalia Crupi4Rosalba Siracusa5Ramona D’Amico6Roberta Fusco7Daniela Impellizzeri8Salvatore Cuzzocrea9Nunziacarla Spanò10Enrico Gugliandolo11Alessio Filippo Peritore12Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical, and Environmental Science, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, ItalyDepartment of Veterinary Science, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, ItalyDepartment of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical, and Environmental Science, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, ItalyDepartment of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, ItalyDepartment of Veterinary Science, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, ItalyDepartment of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical, and Environmental Science, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, ItalyDepartment of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical, and Environmental Science, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, ItalyDepartment of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical, and Environmental Science, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, ItalyDepartment of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical, and Environmental Science, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, ItalyDepartment of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical, and Environmental Science, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, ItalyDepartment of Veterinary Science, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, ItalyDepartment of Veterinary Science, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, ItalyDepartment of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical, and Environmental Science, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, ItalyPharmaceuticals are widely regarded as a menace to the aquatic environment. The constant consumption of biologically active chemicals for human health has been matched by an increase in the leaking of these compounds in natural habitats over the last two decades. This study was aimed to evaluate the molecular pathway underling the developmental toxicity of exposure in the ecological environment. Zebrafish embryos were exposed at doses of dexamethasone sodium phosphate (DEX) 1 μmol/L, tocilizumab 442.1 μmol/L and dexamethasone + tocilizumab (1 μmol/L and 442.1 μmol/L, respectively) from 24 h post-fertilization (hpf) to 96 hpf. This study confirmed that DEX exposure in association with tocilizumab 442.1 μmol/L at 1 μmol/L (non-toxic concentration) affected the survival and hatching rate, morphology score, and body length. Additionally, it significantly disturbed the antioxidant defense system in zebrafish larvae. Furthermore, a DEX 1 μmol/L and tocilizumab 442.1 μmol/L association also increased the production of apoptosis-related proteins (caspase-3, bax, and bcl-2).https://www.mdpi.com/2305-6304/10/6/279COVID-19drug mixtureecotoxicologyoxidative stress |
| spellingShingle | Davide Di Paola Jessica Maria Abbate Carmelo Iaria Marika Cordaro Rosalia Crupi Rosalba Siracusa Ramona D’Amico Roberta Fusco Daniela Impellizzeri Salvatore Cuzzocrea Nunziacarla Spanò Enrico Gugliandolo Alessio Filippo Peritore RETRACTED: Environmental Risk Assessment of Dexamethasone Sodium Phosphate and Tocilizumab Mixture in Zebrafish Early Life Stage (<em>Danio rerio</em>) Toxics COVID-19 drug mixture ecotoxicology oxidative stress |
| title | RETRACTED: Environmental Risk Assessment of Dexamethasone Sodium Phosphate and Tocilizumab Mixture in Zebrafish Early Life Stage (<em>Danio rerio</em>) |
| title_full | RETRACTED: Environmental Risk Assessment of Dexamethasone Sodium Phosphate and Tocilizumab Mixture in Zebrafish Early Life Stage (<em>Danio rerio</em>) |
| title_fullStr | RETRACTED: Environmental Risk Assessment of Dexamethasone Sodium Phosphate and Tocilizumab Mixture in Zebrafish Early Life Stage (<em>Danio rerio</em>) |
| title_full_unstemmed | RETRACTED: Environmental Risk Assessment of Dexamethasone Sodium Phosphate and Tocilizumab Mixture in Zebrafish Early Life Stage (<em>Danio rerio</em>) |
| title_short | RETRACTED: Environmental Risk Assessment of Dexamethasone Sodium Phosphate and Tocilizumab Mixture in Zebrafish Early Life Stage (<em>Danio rerio</em>) |
| title_sort | retracted environmental risk assessment of dexamethasone sodium phosphate and tocilizumab mixture in zebrafish early life stage em danio rerio em |
| topic | COVID-19 drug mixture ecotoxicology oxidative stress |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2305-6304/10/6/279 |
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