Neuromuscular Excitation Pattern in Expert Indoor Skydivers
The evolution of indoor skydiving from military origins to a globally recreational pursuit has attracted individuals without prior specific training, exposing them to the heightened risk of muscle–joint injuries associated with indoor skydiving. This study aims to assess the muscular excitation patt...
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MDPI AG
2025-01-01
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| Series: | Applied Sciences |
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| author | Susanna Rampichini Eloisa Limonta Irene Di Giulio Marta Borrelli Emiliano Cè Giuseppe Coratella Johnny Padulo Stefano Longo Fabio Esposito |
| author_facet | Susanna Rampichini Eloisa Limonta Irene Di Giulio Marta Borrelli Emiliano Cè Giuseppe Coratella Johnny Padulo Stefano Longo Fabio Esposito |
| author_sort | Susanna Rampichini |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The evolution of indoor skydiving from military origins to a globally recreational pursuit has attracted individuals without prior specific training, exposing them to the heightened risk of muscle–joint injuries associated with indoor skydiving. This study aims to assess the muscular excitation patterns in highly skilled instructors to determine the optimal activation strategies for preventing musculoskeletal injuries. Nine expert indoor skydiving instructors (M/F: 8/1; age 31 ± 7 years; body mass: 70.5 ± 11.1 kg; stature: 1.74 ± 0.09 m) were enrolled. The surface electromyographic signal was recorded on the anterior deltoid, AD; posterior deltoid, PD; pectoralis major, PM; latissimus dorsi, LD; rectus abdominis, Rabd; erector spinae, ES; rectus femoris, RF; and biceps femoris, BF for each position: PRONE, SUPINE, SIT, and head-down (HD). A synchronous heart rate was recorded to assess the cardiac engagement. The neuromuscular load (NeLo), representative of the excitation amplitude of a muscle set, was determined for each position across different body regions. PRONE and SUPINE were the least demanding in terms of cardiac engagement (67 ± 6 and 85 ± 8 bpm, respectively) and exhibited the lowest neuromuscular excitation (24 ± 10 and 24 ± 8% Max, respectively). By contrast, HD exhibited the highest cardiac (127 + 18 bpm) and neuromuscular (71 + 11% Max) engagement and particularly in the lower-trunk and lower-limbs muscles. SIT predominantly engaged upper-trunk and shoulder muscles. The findings indicate the significant engagement of the musculature surrounding the shoulder joint and that responsible for lower-trunk stabilization in maintaining the investigated positions. A targeted training regimen on strengthening these muscles is advised before practicing indoor skydiving to prevent shoulder joint injuries or lower back muscle overloads. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-2f62c7f66950434885a4a85f5f889196 |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2076-3417 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-01-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Applied Sciences |
| spelling | doaj-art-2f62c7f66950434885a4a85f5f8891962025-01-24T13:21:03ZengMDPI AGApplied Sciences2076-34172025-01-0115285210.3390/app15020852Neuromuscular Excitation Pattern in Expert Indoor SkydiversSusanna Rampichini0Eloisa Limonta1Irene Di Giulio2Marta Borrelli3Emiliano Cè4Giuseppe Coratella5Johnny Padulo6Stefano Longo7Fabio Esposito8Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, ItalyDepartment of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, ItalyCentre for Human and Applied Physiological Sciences, King’s College London, London SE1 1UL, UKDepartment of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, ItalyDepartment of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, ItalyDepartment of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, ItalyDepartment of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, ItalyDepartment of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, ItalyDepartment of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, ItalyThe evolution of indoor skydiving from military origins to a globally recreational pursuit has attracted individuals without prior specific training, exposing them to the heightened risk of muscle–joint injuries associated with indoor skydiving. This study aims to assess the muscular excitation patterns in highly skilled instructors to determine the optimal activation strategies for preventing musculoskeletal injuries. Nine expert indoor skydiving instructors (M/F: 8/1; age 31 ± 7 years; body mass: 70.5 ± 11.1 kg; stature: 1.74 ± 0.09 m) were enrolled. The surface electromyographic signal was recorded on the anterior deltoid, AD; posterior deltoid, PD; pectoralis major, PM; latissimus dorsi, LD; rectus abdominis, Rabd; erector spinae, ES; rectus femoris, RF; and biceps femoris, BF for each position: PRONE, SUPINE, SIT, and head-down (HD). A synchronous heart rate was recorded to assess the cardiac engagement. The neuromuscular load (NeLo), representative of the excitation amplitude of a muscle set, was determined for each position across different body regions. PRONE and SUPINE were the least demanding in terms of cardiac engagement (67 ± 6 and 85 ± 8 bpm, respectively) and exhibited the lowest neuromuscular excitation (24 ± 10 and 24 ± 8% Max, respectively). By contrast, HD exhibited the highest cardiac (127 + 18 bpm) and neuromuscular (71 + 11% Max) engagement and particularly in the lower-trunk and lower-limbs muscles. SIT predominantly engaged upper-trunk and shoulder muscles. The findings indicate the significant engagement of the musculature surrounding the shoulder joint and that responsible for lower-trunk stabilization in maintaining the investigated positions. A targeted training regimen on strengthening these muscles is advised before practicing indoor skydiving to prevent shoulder joint injuries or lower back muscle overloads.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/15/2/852electromyographymuscle excitationmotor controlinjurieswind tunnelaerospace medicine |
| spellingShingle | Susanna Rampichini Eloisa Limonta Irene Di Giulio Marta Borrelli Emiliano Cè Giuseppe Coratella Johnny Padulo Stefano Longo Fabio Esposito Neuromuscular Excitation Pattern in Expert Indoor Skydivers Applied Sciences electromyography muscle excitation motor control injuries wind tunnel aerospace medicine |
| title | Neuromuscular Excitation Pattern in Expert Indoor Skydivers |
| title_full | Neuromuscular Excitation Pattern in Expert Indoor Skydivers |
| title_fullStr | Neuromuscular Excitation Pattern in Expert Indoor Skydivers |
| title_full_unstemmed | Neuromuscular Excitation Pattern in Expert Indoor Skydivers |
| title_short | Neuromuscular Excitation Pattern in Expert Indoor Skydivers |
| title_sort | neuromuscular excitation pattern in expert indoor skydivers |
| topic | electromyography muscle excitation motor control injuries wind tunnel aerospace medicine |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/15/2/852 |
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