A Study of Lithosphere–Ionosphere Seismic Precursors from Detecting Gamma-Ray and Total Electron Content Anomalies Prior to the 2018 M<sub>L</sub>6.2 Hualien Earthquake in Eastern Taiwan
This study conducts a comprehensive analysis of observations related to the M<sub>L</sub>6.2 Hualien earthquake that struck eastern Taiwan on 6 February 2018, focusing particularly on gamma-ray emissions and total electron content (TEC) as earthquake precursors. Prior research has shown...
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MDPI AG
2025-01-01
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/17/2/188 |
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| author | Ching-Chou Fu Hau-Kun Jhuang Yi-Ying Ho Tsung-Che Tsai Lou-Chuang Lee Cheng-Horng Lin Ching-Ren Lin Vivek Walia I-Te Lee |
| author_facet | Ching-Chou Fu Hau-Kun Jhuang Yi-Ying Ho Tsung-Che Tsai Lou-Chuang Lee Cheng-Horng Lin Ching-Ren Lin Vivek Walia I-Te Lee |
| author_sort | Ching-Chou Fu |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | This study conducts a comprehensive analysis of observations related to the M<sub>L</sub>6.2 Hualien earthquake that struck eastern Taiwan on 6 February 2018, focusing particularly on gamma-ray emissions and total electron content (TEC) as earthquake precursors. Prior research has shown that significant gamma-ray enhancements are frequently detected at the YMSG (Yangmingshan gamma-ray) station prior to major earthquakes in eastern and northeastern Taiwan, suggesting that gamma-ray anomalies may serve as reliable indicators for identifying seismic precursors in this area. Our findings reveal a significant rise in gamma-ray emissions at the YMSG station from 19 January to 4 February 2018, which corresponds to a precursor period of approximately 18 days before the Hualien earthquake. Positive and negative TEC anomalies were observed in Taiwan on 20–21 January and 5 February, respectively, and may be considered as ionospheric precursors to the earthquake. Additionally, deep-learning techniques applied to TEC data facilitate the detection of ionospheric precursors associated with the Hualien earthquake, enabling forecasts of an approaching seismic event. Collectively, these observations indicate that all identified anomalies are regarded as short-term precursors, explicable through the theoretical framework of lithosphere–ionosphere coupling (LIC). |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-2f34dd8abaa24920973e7a441c67cf3b |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2072-4292 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-01-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Remote Sensing |
| spelling | doaj-art-2f34dd8abaa24920973e7a441c67cf3b2025-01-24T13:47:40ZengMDPI AGRemote Sensing2072-42922025-01-0117218810.3390/rs17020188A Study of Lithosphere–Ionosphere Seismic Precursors from Detecting Gamma-Ray and Total Electron Content Anomalies Prior to the 2018 M<sub>L</sub>6.2 Hualien Earthquake in Eastern TaiwanChing-Chou Fu0Hau-Kun Jhuang1Yi-Ying Ho2Tsung-Che Tsai3Lou-Chuang Lee4Cheng-Horng Lin5Ching-Ren Lin6Vivek Walia7I-Te Lee8Institute of Earth Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, TaiwanInstitute of Earth Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, TaiwanDepartment of Geosciences, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106319, TaiwanNational Center for High-Performance Computing, NARL, Hsinchu 300092, TaiwanInstitute of Earth Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, TaiwanInstitute of Earth Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, TaiwanInstitute of Earth Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, TaiwanNational Center for Research on Earthquake Engineering, NARL, Taipei 106219, TaiwanTaiwan Space Agency, Hsinchu 300091, TaiwanThis study conducts a comprehensive analysis of observations related to the M<sub>L</sub>6.2 Hualien earthquake that struck eastern Taiwan on 6 February 2018, focusing particularly on gamma-ray emissions and total electron content (TEC) as earthquake precursors. Prior research has shown that significant gamma-ray enhancements are frequently detected at the YMSG (Yangmingshan gamma-ray) station prior to major earthquakes in eastern and northeastern Taiwan, suggesting that gamma-ray anomalies may serve as reliable indicators for identifying seismic precursors in this area. Our findings reveal a significant rise in gamma-ray emissions at the YMSG station from 19 January to 4 February 2018, which corresponds to a precursor period of approximately 18 days before the Hualien earthquake. Positive and negative TEC anomalies were observed in Taiwan on 20–21 January and 5 February, respectively, and may be considered as ionospheric precursors to the earthquake. Additionally, deep-learning techniques applied to TEC data facilitate the detection of ionospheric precursors associated with the Hualien earthquake, enabling forecasts of an approaching seismic event. Collectively, these observations indicate that all identified anomalies are regarded as short-term precursors, explicable through the theoretical framework of lithosphere–ionosphere coupling (LIC).https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/17/2/188gamma-raystotal electron content (TEC)Hualien earthquakelithosphere–ionosphere coupling (LIC) |
| spellingShingle | Ching-Chou Fu Hau-Kun Jhuang Yi-Ying Ho Tsung-Che Tsai Lou-Chuang Lee Cheng-Horng Lin Ching-Ren Lin Vivek Walia I-Te Lee A Study of Lithosphere–Ionosphere Seismic Precursors from Detecting Gamma-Ray and Total Electron Content Anomalies Prior to the 2018 M<sub>L</sub>6.2 Hualien Earthquake in Eastern Taiwan Remote Sensing gamma-rays total electron content (TEC) Hualien earthquake lithosphere–ionosphere coupling (LIC) |
| title | A Study of Lithosphere–Ionosphere Seismic Precursors from Detecting Gamma-Ray and Total Electron Content Anomalies Prior to the 2018 M<sub>L</sub>6.2 Hualien Earthquake in Eastern Taiwan |
| title_full | A Study of Lithosphere–Ionosphere Seismic Precursors from Detecting Gamma-Ray and Total Electron Content Anomalies Prior to the 2018 M<sub>L</sub>6.2 Hualien Earthquake in Eastern Taiwan |
| title_fullStr | A Study of Lithosphere–Ionosphere Seismic Precursors from Detecting Gamma-Ray and Total Electron Content Anomalies Prior to the 2018 M<sub>L</sub>6.2 Hualien Earthquake in Eastern Taiwan |
| title_full_unstemmed | A Study of Lithosphere–Ionosphere Seismic Precursors from Detecting Gamma-Ray and Total Electron Content Anomalies Prior to the 2018 M<sub>L</sub>6.2 Hualien Earthquake in Eastern Taiwan |
| title_short | A Study of Lithosphere–Ionosphere Seismic Precursors from Detecting Gamma-Ray and Total Electron Content Anomalies Prior to the 2018 M<sub>L</sub>6.2 Hualien Earthquake in Eastern Taiwan |
| title_sort | study of lithosphere ionosphere seismic precursors from detecting gamma ray and total electron content anomalies prior to the 2018 m sub l sub 6 2 hualien earthquake in eastern taiwan |
| topic | gamma-rays total electron content (TEC) Hualien earthquake lithosphere–ionosphere coupling (LIC) |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/17/2/188 |
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