Pneumococcal vaccine hyporesponsiveness in people living with HIV: A narrative review of immunological mechanisms and insights from minimally invasive lymph node sampling

Despite highly effective antiretroviral therapy, people living with HIV (PLWH) remain at elevated risk for invasive pneumococcal disease. Clinical studies show that, even with high CD4+ counts, PLWH exhibit diminished serological responses and rapid antibody decline following pneumococcal vaccinatio...

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Bibliographic Details
Main Authors: Giovanni E. Loe-Sack-Sioe, Danny W. de Vos, Leo G. Visser, Simon P. Jochems, Anna H. E. Roukens
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Taylor & Francis Group 2025-12-01
Series:Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics
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Online Access:https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/10.1080/21645515.2025.2503602
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