Energy Transfer of Electronic Excitations by Activators in Phosphates and Sulfates via the Creation of Combined Electron Emission States
In this work, the mechanisms for creating a combined electronic–radiative local state beneath the conduction band, consisting of intrinsic and activator electron–hole states, are experimentally substantiated. In the first part of this work, the mechanisms of the formation of intrinsic and activator...
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| author | Aibek S. Nurpeissov Temirulan T. Alibay Turlybek Nurakhmetov Aivaras Kareiva Aleksej Zarkov Sapargali Pazylbek |
| author_facet | Aibek S. Nurpeissov Temirulan T. Alibay Turlybek Nurakhmetov Aivaras Kareiva Aleksej Zarkov Sapargali Pazylbek |
| author_sort | Aibek S. Nurpeissov |
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| description | In this work, the mechanisms for creating a combined electronic–radiative local state beneath the conduction band, consisting of intrinsic and activator electron–hole states, are experimentally substantiated. In the first part of this work, the mechanisms of the formation of intrinsic and activator electron–hole trapping centers are experimentally demonstrated in all four matrices with activators. Intrinsic electronic states are localized on activators and anions of the matrix, forming intrinsic and activator electronic states. The hole component of the electron–hole pairs is localized near the activators. Thus, the energy of intrinsic electronic excitations localized in the matrix in the form of combined electronic–radiative states is observed at 3.06–3.1 eV and 2.92–2.95 eV. Radiative states are excited by photon energies of ~4.5 eV and ~4.0 eV, resulting in recombination emissions at 3.06–3.1 eV and 2.92–2.95 eV, as well as activator emissions at 2.06 eV for <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><msup><mrow><mi>M</mi><mi>n</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn><mo>+</mo></mrow></msup></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>, 2.5 eV for <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><msup><mrow><mi>T</mi><mi>b</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>3</mn><mo>+</mo></mrow></msup></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>, and 2.56 eV and 2.16 eV for <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><msup><mrow><mi>D</mi><mi>y</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>3</mn><mo>+</mo></mrow></msup></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>. Energy transfer from the matrix to emitters or activators occurs during the decay of the combined radiative state. Upon heating, electrons localized on anions and activators delocalize at temperatures of 200–350 K. The energy released during the recombination of an electron with a hole near the activators is transferred to the activators. This process facilitates energy transfer to activators in dosimeters and detectors. |
| format | Article |
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| institution | Kabale University |
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| spelling | doaj-art-2ea9149f9e6d46ca98fff83aca60d2ae2025-01-24T13:28:01ZengMDPI AGCrystals2073-43522024-12-011511510.3390/cryst15010015Energy Transfer of Electronic Excitations by Activators in Phosphates and Sulfates via the Creation of Combined Electron Emission StatesAibek S. Nurpeissov0Temirulan T. Alibay1Turlybek Nurakhmetov2Aivaras Kareiva3Aleksej Zarkov4Sapargali Pazylbek5Department of Technical Physics, L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University, 2 Satpaeva St, Nur-Sultan ZO1A3D7, KazakhstanDepartment of Technical Physics, L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University, 2 Satpaeva St, Nur-Sultan ZO1A3D7, KazakhstanDepartment of Technical Physics, L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University, 2 Satpaeva St, Nur-Sultan ZO1A3D7, KazakhstanInstitute of Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Geosciences, Vilnius University, Naugarduko 24, LT-03225 Vilnius, LithuaniaInstitute of Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Geosciences, Vilnius University, Naugarduko 24, LT-03225 Vilnius, LithuaniaInstitute of Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Geosciences, Vilnius University, Naugarduko 24, LT-03225 Vilnius, LithuaniaIn this work, the mechanisms for creating a combined electronic–radiative local state beneath the conduction band, consisting of intrinsic and activator electron–hole states, are experimentally substantiated. In the first part of this work, the mechanisms of the formation of intrinsic and activator electron–hole trapping centers are experimentally demonstrated in all four matrices with activators. Intrinsic electronic states are localized on activators and anions of the matrix, forming intrinsic and activator electronic states. The hole component of the electron–hole pairs is localized near the activators. Thus, the energy of intrinsic electronic excitations localized in the matrix in the form of combined electronic–radiative states is observed at 3.06–3.1 eV and 2.92–2.95 eV. Radiative states are excited by photon energies of ~4.5 eV and ~4.0 eV, resulting in recombination emissions at 3.06–3.1 eV and 2.92–2.95 eV, as well as activator emissions at 2.06 eV for <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><msup><mrow><mi>M</mi><mi>n</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn><mo>+</mo></mrow></msup></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>, 2.5 eV for <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><msup><mrow><mi>T</mi><mi>b</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>3</mn><mo>+</mo></mrow></msup></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>, and 2.56 eV and 2.16 eV for <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><msup><mrow><mi>D</mi><mi>y</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>3</mn><mo>+</mo></mrow></msup></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>. Energy transfer from the matrix to emitters or activators occurs during the decay of the combined radiative state. Upon heating, electrons localized on anions and activators delocalize at temperatures of 200–350 K. The energy released during the recombination of an electron with a hole near the activators is transferred to the activators. This process facilitates energy transfer to activators in dosimeters and detectors.https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4352/15/1/15emission and excitation spectraelectron–holephosphatesrecombination emissions trapping centersvacuum ultraviolet |
| spellingShingle | Aibek S. Nurpeissov Temirulan T. Alibay Turlybek Nurakhmetov Aivaras Kareiva Aleksej Zarkov Sapargali Pazylbek Energy Transfer of Electronic Excitations by Activators in Phosphates and Sulfates via the Creation of Combined Electron Emission States Crystals emission and excitation spectra electron–hole phosphates recombination emissions trapping centers vacuum ultraviolet |
| title | Energy Transfer of Electronic Excitations by Activators in Phosphates and Sulfates via the Creation of Combined Electron Emission States |
| title_full | Energy Transfer of Electronic Excitations by Activators in Phosphates and Sulfates via the Creation of Combined Electron Emission States |
| title_fullStr | Energy Transfer of Electronic Excitations by Activators in Phosphates and Sulfates via the Creation of Combined Electron Emission States |
| title_full_unstemmed | Energy Transfer of Electronic Excitations by Activators in Phosphates and Sulfates via the Creation of Combined Electron Emission States |
| title_short | Energy Transfer of Electronic Excitations by Activators in Phosphates and Sulfates via the Creation of Combined Electron Emission States |
| title_sort | energy transfer of electronic excitations by activators in phosphates and sulfates via the creation of combined electron emission states |
| topic | emission and excitation spectra electron–hole phosphates recombination emissions trapping centers vacuum ultraviolet |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4352/15/1/15 |
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