A Hierarchical and Self-Evolving Digital Twin (HSE-DT) Method for Multi-Faceted Battery Situation Awareness Realisation

Accurate battery state estimation is important for the operation of energy storage systems, yet existing methods struggle with the complexity and dynamic nature of battery conditions. Conventional techniques often fail to extract relevant spatial and temporal features from basic battery data effecti...

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Main Authors: Kai Zhao, Ying Liu, Yue Zhou, Wenlong Ming, Jianzhong Wu
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: MDPI AG 2025-02-01
Series:Machines
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Online Access:https://www.mdpi.com/2075-1702/13/3/175
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author Kai Zhao
Ying Liu
Yue Zhou
Wenlong Ming
Jianzhong Wu
author_facet Kai Zhao
Ying Liu
Yue Zhou
Wenlong Ming
Jianzhong Wu
author_sort Kai Zhao
collection DOAJ
description Accurate battery state estimation is important for the operation of energy storage systems, yet existing methods struggle with the complexity and dynamic nature of battery conditions. Conventional techniques often fail to extract relevant spatial and temporal features from basic battery data effectively, leading to insufficient situational awareness in battery management systems. To address this gap, we propose a Hierarchical and Self-Evolving Digital Twin (HSE-DT) method that enhances battery state estimation by coordinating multiple estimation techniques in a hierarchical framework and enabling adaptive updating through transfer learning. The model integrates a Transformer–Convolutional Neural Network (Transformer-CNN) architecture to process historical and real-time data, capturing dynamic state variations with high precision. Simulations indicate that the values of root mean square error (RMSE) for state of charge (SOC) and state of health (SOH) are lower compared to other algorithms, being less than 0.9% and 0.8%, respectively. Its hierarchical structure allows the integration of different estimation models, and the self-evolving method allows the method to adapt to changes in different operating conditions. The experimental results show that the method can estimate the battery state with high accuracy and stability, thus enhancing multi-faceted situational awareness.
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spelling doaj-art-2dd8c901b35543b184c291ba5c252d112025-08-20T02:11:04ZengMDPI AGMachines2075-17022025-02-0113317510.3390/machines13030175A Hierarchical and Self-Evolving Digital Twin (HSE-DT) Method for Multi-Faceted Battery Situation Awareness RealisationKai Zhao0Ying Liu1Yue Zhou2Wenlong Ming3Jianzhong Wu4Department of Mechanical Engineering, School of Engineering, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 3AA, UKDepartment of Mechanical Engineering, School of Engineering, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 3AA, UKCentre for Integrated Renewable Energy Generation and Supply, School of Engineering, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 3AA, UKCentre for Integrated Renewable Energy Generation and Supply, School of Engineering, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 3AA, UKCentre for Integrated Renewable Energy Generation and Supply, School of Engineering, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 3AA, UKAccurate battery state estimation is important for the operation of energy storage systems, yet existing methods struggle with the complexity and dynamic nature of battery conditions. Conventional techniques often fail to extract relevant spatial and temporal features from basic battery data effectively, leading to insufficient situational awareness in battery management systems. To address this gap, we propose a Hierarchical and Self-Evolving Digital Twin (HSE-DT) method that enhances battery state estimation by coordinating multiple estimation techniques in a hierarchical framework and enabling adaptive updating through transfer learning. The model integrates a Transformer–Convolutional Neural Network (Transformer-CNN) architecture to process historical and real-time data, capturing dynamic state variations with high precision. Simulations indicate that the values of root mean square error (RMSE) for state of charge (SOC) and state of health (SOH) are lower compared to other algorithms, being less than 0.9% and 0.8%, respectively. Its hierarchical structure allows the integration of different estimation models, and the self-evolving method allows the method to adapt to changes in different operating conditions. The experimental results show that the method can estimate the battery state with high accuracy and stability, thus enhancing multi-faceted situational awareness.https://www.mdpi.com/2075-1702/13/3/175Digital Twinbattery energy storage systembattery state estimationdeep learning
spellingShingle Kai Zhao
Ying Liu
Yue Zhou
Wenlong Ming
Jianzhong Wu
A Hierarchical and Self-Evolving Digital Twin (HSE-DT) Method for Multi-Faceted Battery Situation Awareness Realisation
Machines
Digital Twin
battery energy storage system
battery state estimation
deep learning
title A Hierarchical and Self-Evolving Digital Twin (HSE-DT) Method for Multi-Faceted Battery Situation Awareness Realisation
title_full A Hierarchical and Self-Evolving Digital Twin (HSE-DT) Method for Multi-Faceted Battery Situation Awareness Realisation
title_fullStr A Hierarchical and Self-Evolving Digital Twin (HSE-DT) Method for Multi-Faceted Battery Situation Awareness Realisation
title_full_unstemmed A Hierarchical and Self-Evolving Digital Twin (HSE-DT) Method for Multi-Faceted Battery Situation Awareness Realisation
title_short A Hierarchical and Self-Evolving Digital Twin (HSE-DT) Method for Multi-Faceted Battery Situation Awareness Realisation
title_sort hierarchical and self evolving digital twin hse dt method for multi faceted battery situation awareness realisation
topic Digital Twin
battery energy storage system
battery state estimation
deep learning
url https://www.mdpi.com/2075-1702/13/3/175
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