Multi-objective optimization of full depth reclamation with Portland cement using NSGA-II for sustainable pavement rehabilitation
Full-depth reclamation with Portland cement (FDR-PC) is a promising technology in modern pavement engineering due to its capability of achieving deep-level treatment of pavement base layer distresses. This study aimed to optimize the material performance of FDR-PC materials while considering their e...
Saved in:
| Main Authors: | , , , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Frontiers Media S.A.
2025-07-01
|
| Series: | Frontiers in Built Environment |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fbuil.2025.1631169/full |
| Tags: |
Add Tag
No Tags, Be the first to tag this record!
|
| _version_ | 1850111311377072128 |
|---|---|
| author | Qing Xia Haiwei Zhang Haiwei Zhang Wang Miao Xiaogang Guo Qingqing Zhang |
| author_facet | Qing Xia Haiwei Zhang Haiwei Zhang Wang Miao Xiaogang Guo Qingqing Zhang |
| author_sort | Qing Xia |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Full-depth reclamation with Portland cement (FDR-PC) is a promising technology in modern pavement engineering due to its capability of achieving deep-level treatment of pavement base layer distresses. This study aimed to optimize the material performance of FDR-PC materials while considering their environmental impact, developing a multi-objective optimization model to comprehensively evaluate and optimize these aspects. Laboratory tests were first conducted to investigate the effects of reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) content and cement content on 7-day unconfined compressive strength (UCS), indirect tensile strength (ITS), and relative compressive strength (RCS) after freeze-thaw cycles. A comprehensive performance evaluation function was established based on these key indicators. Subsequently, carbon emission and energy consumption models for FDR-PC were developed using life cycle assessment (LCA), which together formed an environmental impact function. The non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm II (NSGA-II) was employed to perform multi-objective optimization of the FDR-PC mix design and obtain the Pareto front. The technique for order of preference by similarity to ideal solution (TOPSIS) was then used to identify optimal parameter combinations under various objective weighting scenarios. Results revealed a significant negative correlation between material performance and environmental impact. The parameter combinations corresponding to the non-dominated solutions were mainly concentrated in cement content ranging from 4.8% to 6.0% and RAP content from 20% to 34%. Parameter combinations corresponding to high material performance were found in regions with RAP content below 20%, which also corresponded to high environmental impact. According to the TOPSIS analysis, the optimal mix under a performance-priority strategy consists of 6.0% cement and 5% RAP; the environmentally preferred mix recommends 4.6% cement and 32% RAP; and a balanced compromise suggests 5.2% cement and 27% RAP. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-2cf9ce39acfb4635b30e5f4e2f1a7f5b |
| institution | OA Journals |
| issn | 2297-3362 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-07-01 |
| publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Frontiers in Built Environment |
| spelling | doaj-art-2cf9ce39acfb4635b30e5f4e2f1a7f5b2025-08-20T02:37:38ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Built Environment2297-33622025-07-011110.3389/fbuil.2025.16311691631169Multi-objective optimization of full depth reclamation with Portland cement using NSGA-II for sustainable pavement rehabilitationQing Xia0Haiwei Zhang1Haiwei Zhang2Wang Miao3Xiaogang Guo4Qingqing Zhang5Henan Zhongping Jiaoke Res and Design Institute Co Ltd., Pingdingshan, ChinaSchool of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Zhengzhou University of Aeronautics, Zhengzhou, Henan, ChinaHenan Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Modified Asphalt Pavement Materials, Zhengzhou, Henan, ChinaHenan Zhongping Jiaoke Res and Design Institute Co Ltd., Pingdingshan, ChinaLarson Transportation Institute, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United StatesSchool of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Zhengzhou University of Aeronautics, Zhengzhou, Henan, ChinaFull-depth reclamation with Portland cement (FDR-PC) is a promising technology in modern pavement engineering due to its capability of achieving deep-level treatment of pavement base layer distresses. This study aimed to optimize the material performance of FDR-PC materials while considering their environmental impact, developing a multi-objective optimization model to comprehensively evaluate and optimize these aspects. Laboratory tests were first conducted to investigate the effects of reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) content and cement content on 7-day unconfined compressive strength (UCS), indirect tensile strength (ITS), and relative compressive strength (RCS) after freeze-thaw cycles. A comprehensive performance evaluation function was established based on these key indicators. Subsequently, carbon emission and energy consumption models for FDR-PC were developed using life cycle assessment (LCA), which together formed an environmental impact function. The non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm II (NSGA-II) was employed to perform multi-objective optimization of the FDR-PC mix design and obtain the Pareto front. The technique for order of preference by similarity to ideal solution (TOPSIS) was then used to identify optimal parameter combinations under various objective weighting scenarios. Results revealed a significant negative correlation between material performance and environmental impact. The parameter combinations corresponding to the non-dominated solutions were mainly concentrated in cement content ranging from 4.8% to 6.0% and RAP content from 20% to 34%. Parameter combinations corresponding to high material performance were found in regions with RAP content below 20%, which also corresponded to high environmental impact. According to the TOPSIS analysis, the optimal mix under a performance-priority strategy consists of 6.0% cement and 5% RAP; the environmentally preferred mix recommends 4.6% cement and 32% RAP; and a balanced compromise suggests 5.2% cement and 27% RAP.https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fbuil.2025.1631169/fullpavement rehabilitationfull-depth reclamation with Portland cementmultiobjective optimizationpavement performancecarbon emission calculation |
| spellingShingle | Qing Xia Haiwei Zhang Haiwei Zhang Wang Miao Xiaogang Guo Qingqing Zhang Multi-objective optimization of full depth reclamation with Portland cement using NSGA-II for sustainable pavement rehabilitation Frontiers in Built Environment pavement rehabilitation full-depth reclamation with Portland cement multiobjective optimization pavement performance carbon emission calculation |
| title | Multi-objective optimization of full depth reclamation with Portland cement using NSGA-II for sustainable pavement rehabilitation |
| title_full | Multi-objective optimization of full depth reclamation with Portland cement using NSGA-II for sustainable pavement rehabilitation |
| title_fullStr | Multi-objective optimization of full depth reclamation with Portland cement using NSGA-II for sustainable pavement rehabilitation |
| title_full_unstemmed | Multi-objective optimization of full depth reclamation with Portland cement using NSGA-II for sustainable pavement rehabilitation |
| title_short | Multi-objective optimization of full depth reclamation with Portland cement using NSGA-II for sustainable pavement rehabilitation |
| title_sort | multi objective optimization of full depth reclamation with portland cement using nsga ii for sustainable pavement rehabilitation |
| topic | pavement rehabilitation full-depth reclamation with Portland cement multiobjective optimization pavement performance carbon emission calculation |
| url | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fbuil.2025.1631169/full |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT qingxia multiobjectiveoptimizationoffulldepthreclamationwithportlandcementusingnsgaiiforsustainablepavementrehabilitation AT haiweizhang multiobjectiveoptimizationoffulldepthreclamationwithportlandcementusingnsgaiiforsustainablepavementrehabilitation AT haiweizhang multiobjectiveoptimizationoffulldepthreclamationwithportlandcementusingnsgaiiforsustainablepavementrehabilitation AT wangmiao multiobjectiveoptimizationoffulldepthreclamationwithportlandcementusingnsgaiiforsustainablepavementrehabilitation AT xiaogangguo multiobjectiveoptimizationoffulldepthreclamationwithportlandcementusingnsgaiiforsustainablepavementrehabilitation AT qingqingzhang multiobjectiveoptimizationoffulldepthreclamationwithportlandcementusingnsgaiiforsustainablepavementrehabilitation |