Human Herpesviruses, Bacteria, and Fungi in Gingivitis and Periodontitis Pediatric Subjects: A Systematic Review
<b>Objectives:</b> This systematic review assesses and compares the presence and relative abundance of periodontal pathogens, human herpesviruses (HHVs), and fungi in subgingival and/or saliva samples from pediatric subjects (≤18 years of age) with periodontally healthy status and with g...
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MDPI AG
2024-12-01
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| author | Federica Di Spirito Massimo Pisano Mario Caggiano Giuseppina De Benedetto Maria Pia Di Palo Gianluigi Franci Massimo Amato |
| author_facet | Federica Di Spirito Massimo Pisano Mario Caggiano Giuseppina De Benedetto Maria Pia Di Palo Gianluigi Franci Massimo Amato |
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| description | <b>Objectives:</b> This systematic review assesses and compares the presence and relative abundance of periodontal pathogens, human herpesviruses (HHVs), and fungi in subgingival and/or saliva samples from pediatric subjects (≤18 years of age) with periodontally healthy status and with gingivitis and/or periodontitis. <b>Methods:</b> The study protocol was conducted under the PRISMA statement and registered on PROSPERO (CRD42024593007). Data from seven studies were descriptively analyzed and qualitatively assessed through the ROBINS-1 and JBI tools. <b>Results:</b> Pediatric subjects with clinically healthy periodontium exhibited a balanced microbiome, with early colonizers (<i>Streptococcus</i> species) supporting biofilm development and late colonizers like <i>Fusobacterium nucleatum</i>, <i>Treponema denticola</i> (82.35%), and <i>Porphyromonas gingivalis</i> (29.7%) present at low levels, suggesting subclinical dysbiosis. Viruses such as HSV-I (100%), CMV (17.8%), and EBV-I (22.09%) coexisted in a likely latent state, maintained by effective immune responses. In pediatric periodontitis, biofilms were more diverse and pathogenic, with increased prevalence of <i>A. actinomycetemcomitans</i> (56.09%), <i>P. gingivalis</i> (55.4%), and <i>T. forsythia</i> (35.9%). Generalized periodontitis showed higher CMV (36.36%) and EBV-I (36.24%) prevalence than gingivitis (HSV-I 18.75%). Coinfections were frequent in periodontitis, suggesting bacterial–viral synergy in exacerbating inflammation and tissue destruction. Fungi, although not studied, may also contribute under specific conditions. <b>Conclusions:</b> These findings highlight the role of microbial interactions in periodontal health and disease progression. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-2c6411e8b72b4c38908e75f131ab37d2 |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2227-9067 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2024-12-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
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| series | Children |
| spelling | doaj-art-2c6411e8b72b4c38908e75f131ab37d22025-01-24T13:27:05ZengMDPI AGChildren2227-90672024-12-011213910.3390/children12010039Human Herpesviruses, Bacteria, and Fungi in Gingivitis and Periodontitis Pediatric Subjects: A Systematic ReviewFederica Di Spirito0Massimo Pisano1Mario Caggiano2Giuseppina De Benedetto3Maria Pia Di Palo4Gianluigi Franci5Massimo Amato6Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, University of Salerno, Via S. Allende, 84081 Baronissi, SA, ItalyDepartment of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, University of Salerno, Via S. Allende, 84081 Baronissi, SA, ItalyDepartment of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, University of Salerno, Via S. Allende, 84081 Baronissi, SA, ItalyDepartment of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, University of Salerno, Via S. Allende, 84081 Baronissi, SA, ItalyDepartment of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, University of Salerno, Via S. Allende, 84081 Baronissi, SA, ItalyDepartment of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, University of Salerno, Via S. Allende, 84081 Baronissi, SA, ItalyDepartment of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, University of Salerno, Via S. Allende, 84081 Baronissi, SA, Italy<b>Objectives:</b> This systematic review assesses and compares the presence and relative abundance of periodontal pathogens, human herpesviruses (HHVs), and fungi in subgingival and/or saliva samples from pediatric subjects (≤18 years of age) with periodontally healthy status and with gingivitis and/or periodontitis. <b>Methods:</b> The study protocol was conducted under the PRISMA statement and registered on PROSPERO (CRD42024593007). Data from seven studies were descriptively analyzed and qualitatively assessed through the ROBINS-1 and JBI tools. <b>Results:</b> Pediatric subjects with clinically healthy periodontium exhibited a balanced microbiome, with early colonizers (<i>Streptococcus</i> species) supporting biofilm development and late colonizers like <i>Fusobacterium nucleatum</i>, <i>Treponema denticola</i> (82.35%), and <i>Porphyromonas gingivalis</i> (29.7%) present at low levels, suggesting subclinical dysbiosis. Viruses such as HSV-I (100%), CMV (17.8%), and EBV-I (22.09%) coexisted in a likely latent state, maintained by effective immune responses. In pediatric periodontitis, biofilms were more diverse and pathogenic, with increased prevalence of <i>A. actinomycetemcomitans</i> (56.09%), <i>P. gingivalis</i> (55.4%), and <i>T. forsythia</i> (35.9%). Generalized periodontitis showed higher CMV (36.36%) and EBV-I (36.24%) prevalence than gingivitis (HSV-I 18.75%). Coinfections were frequent in periodontitis, suggesting bacterial–viral synergy in exacerbating inflammation and tissue destruction. Fungi, although not studied, may also contribute under specific conditions. <b>Conclusions:</b> These findings highlight the role of microbial interactions in periodontal health and disease progression.https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9067/12/1/39Herpesviridaegingivitisperiodontitisaggressive periodontitismouthbacteria |
| spellingShingle | Federica Di Spirito Massimo Pisano Mario Caggiano Giuseppina De Benedetto Maria Pia Di Palo Gianluigi Franci Massimo Amato Human Herpesviruses, Bacteria, and Fungi in Gingivitis and Periodontitis Pediatric Subjects: A Systematic Review Children Herpesviridae gingivitis periodontitis aggressive periodontitis mouth bacteria |
| title | Human Herpesviruses, Bacteria, and Fungi in Gingivitis and Periodontitis Pediatric Subjects: A Systematic Review |
| title_full | Human Herpesviruses, Bacteria, and Fungi in Gingivitis and Periodontitis Pediatric Subjects: A Systematic Review |
| title_fullStr | Human Herpesviruses, Bacteria, and Fungi in Gingivitis and Periodontitis Pediatric Subjects: A Systematic Review |
| title_full_unstemmed | Human Herpesviruses, Bacteria, and Fungi in Gingivitis and Periodontitis Pediatric Subjects: A Systematic Review |
| title_short | Human Herpesviruses, Bacteria, and Fungi in Gingivitis and Periodontitis Pediatric Subjects: A Systematic Review |
| title_sort | human herpesviruses bacteria and fungi in gingivitis and periodontitis pediatric subjects a systematic review |
| topic | Herpesviridae gingivitis periodontitis aggressive periodontitis mouth bacteria |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9067/12/1/39 |
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