Human Herpesviruses, Bacteria, and Fungi in Gingivitis and Periodontitis Pediatric Subjects: A Systematic Review

<b>Objectives:</b> This systematic review assesses and compares the presence and relative abundance of periodontal pathogens, human herpesviruses (HHVs), and fungi in subgingival and/or saliva samples from pediatric subjects (≤18 years of age) with periodontally healthy status and with g...

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Main Authors: Federica Di Spirito, Massimo Pisano, Mario Caggiano, Giuseppina De Benedetto, Maria Pia Di Palo, Gianluigi Franci, Massimo Amato
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: MDPI AG 2024-12-01
Series:Children
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Online Access:https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9067/12/1/39
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author Federica Di Spirito
Massimo Pisano
Mario Caggiano
Giuseppina De Benedetto
Maria Pia Di Palo
Gianluigi Franci
Massimo Amato
author_facet Federica Di Spirito
Massimo Pisano
Mario Caggiano
Giuseppina De Benedetto
Maria Pia Di Palo
Gianluigi Franci
Massimo Amato
author_sort Federica Di Spirito
collection DOAJ
description <b>Objectives:</b> This systematic review assesses and compares the presence and relative abundance of periodontal pathogens, human herpesviruses (HHVs), and fungi in subgingival and/or saliva samples from pediatric subjects (≤18 years of age) with periodontally healthy status and with gingivitis and/or periodontitis. <b>Methods:</b> The study protocol was conducted under the PRISMA statement and registered on PROSPERO (CRD42024593007). Data from seven studies were descriptively analyzed and qualitatively assessed through the ROBINS-1 and JBI tools. <b>Results:</b> Pediatric subjects with clinically healthy periodontium exhibited a balanced microbiome, with early colonizers (<i>Streptococcus</i> species) supporting biofilm development and late colonizers like <i>Fusobacterium nucleatum</i>, <i>Treponema denticola</i> (82.35%), and <i>Porphyromonas gingivalis</i> (29.7%) present at low levels, suggesting subclinical dysbiosis. Viruses such as HSV-I (100%), CMV (17.8%), and EBV-I (22.09%) coexisted in a likely latent state, maintained by effective immune responses. In pediatric periodontitis, biofilms were more diverse and pathogenic, with increased prevalence of <i>A. actinomycetemcomitans</i> (56.09%), <i>P. gingivalis</i> (55.4%), and <i>T. forsythia</i> (35.9%). Generalized periodontitis showed higher CMV (36.36%) and EBV-I (36.24%) prevalence than gingivitis (HSV-I 18.75%). Coinfections were frequent in periodontitis, suggesting bacterial–viral synergy in exacerbating inflammation and tissue destruction. Fungi, although not studied, may also contribute under specific conditions. <b>Conclusions:</b> These findings highlight the role of microbial interactions in periodontal health and disease progression.
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spelling doaj-art-2c6411e8b72b4c38908e75f131ab37d22025-01-24T13:27:05ZengMDPI AGChildren2227-90672024-12-011213910.3390/children12010039Human Herpesviruses, Bacteria, and Fungi in Gingivitis and Periodontitis Pediatric Subjects: A Systematic ReviewFederica Di Spirito0Massimo Pisano1Mario Caggiano2Giuseppina De Benedetto3Maria Pia Di Palo4Gianluigi Franci5Massimo Amato6Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, University of Salerno, Via S. Allende, 84081 Baronissi, SA, ItalyDepartment of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, University of Salerno, Via S. Allende, 84081 Baronissi, SA, ItalyDepartment of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, University of Salerno, Via S. Allende, 84081 Baronissi, SA, ItalyDepartment of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, University of Salerno, Via S. Allende, 84081 Baronissi, SA, ItalyDepartment of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, University of Salerno, Via S. Allende, 84081 Baronissi, SA, ItalyDepartment of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, University of Salerno, Via S. Allende, 84081 Baronissi, SA, ItalyDepartment of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, University of Salerno, Via S. Allende, 84081 Baronissi, SA, Italy<b>Objectives:</b> This systematic review assesses and compares the presence and relative abundance of periodontal pathogens, human herpesviruses (HHVs), and fungi in subgingival and/or saliva samples from pediatric subjects (≤18 years of age) with periodontally healthy status and with gingivitis and/or periodontitis. <b>Methods:</b> The study protocol was conducted under the PRISMA statement and registered on PROSPERO (CRD42024593007). Data from seven studies were descriptively analyzed and qualitatively assessed through the ROBINS-1 and JBI tools. <b>Results:</b> Pediatric subjects with clinically healthy periodontium exhibited a balanced microbiome, with early colonizers (<i>Streptococcus</i> species) supporting biofilm development and late colonizers like <i>Fusobacterium nucleatum</i>, <i>Treponema denticola</i> (82.35%), and <i>Porphyromonas gingivalis</i> (29.7%) present at low levels, suggesting subclinical dysbiosis. Viruses such as HSV-I (100%), CMV (17.8%), and EBV-I (22.09%) coexisted in a likely latent state, maintained by effective immune responses. In pediatric periodontitis, biofilms were more diverse and pathogenic, with increased prevalence of <i>A. actinomycetemcomitans</i> (56.09%), <i>P. gingivalis</i> (55.4%), and <i>T. forsythia</i> (35.9%). Generalized periodontitis showed higher CMV (36.36%) and EBV-I (36.24%) prevalence than gingivitis (HSV-I 18.75%). Coinfections were frequent in periodontitis, suggesting bacterial–viral synergy in exacerbating inflammation and tissue destruction. Fungi, although not studied, may also contribute under specific conditions. <b>Conclusions:</b> These findings highlight the role of microbial interactions in periodontal health and disease progression.https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9067/12/1/39Herpesviridaegingivitisperiodontitisaggressive periodontitismouthbacteria
spellingShingle Federica Di Spirito
Massimo Pisano
Mario Caggiano
Giuseppina De Benedetto
Maria Pia Di Palo
Gianluigi Franci
Massimo Amato
Human Herpesviruses, Bacteria, and Fungi in Gingivitis and Periodontitis Pediatric Subjects: A Systematic Review
Children
Herpesviridae
gingivitis
periodontitis
aggressive periodontitis
mouth
bacteria
title Human Herpesviruses, Bacteria, and Fungi in Gingivitis and Periodontitis Pediatric Subjects: A Systematic Review
title_full Human Herpesviruses, Bacteria, and Fungi in Gingivitis and Periodontitis Pediatric Subjects: A Systematic Review
title_fullStr Human Herpesviruses, Bacteria, and Fungi in Gingivitis and Periodontitis Pediatric Subjects: A Systematic Review
title_full_unstemmed Human Herpesviruses, Bacteria, and Fungi in Gingivitis and Periodontitis Pediatric Subjects: A Systematic Review
title_short Human Herpesviruses, Bacteria, and Fungi in Gingivitis and Periodontitis Pediatric Subjects: A Systematic Review
title_sort human herpesviruses bacteria and fungi in gingivitis and periodontitis pediatric subjects a systematic review
topic Herpesviridae
gingivitis
periodontitis
aggressive periodontitis
mouth
bacteria
url https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9067/12/1/39
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