Dolomite for supplementation of desalinated drinking water in Saudi Arabia with magnesium, calcium, and hydrogen carbonate ions
Abstract Magnesium (Mg) in drinking water is important for cardiovascular health and it is anticipated that the World Health Organization will introduce minimum Mg recommendations. The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia is dependent on desalinated water which has a low Mg content and it is necessary to find a...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Springer
2025-03-01
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| Series: | Discover Water |
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| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.1007/s43832-025-00210-4 |
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| author | Ali A. Al Hamzah Abdulrahman S. Alofi Abdulrahman A. Abid Jamal M. Salama Ahmed A. Al Kubaish Christopher M. Fellows |
| author_facet | Ali A. Al Hamzah Abdulrahman S. Alofi Abdulrahman A. Abid Jamal M. Salama Ahmed A. Al Kubaish Christopher M. Fellows |
| author_sort | Ali A. Al Hamzah |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Abstract Magnesium (Mg) in drinking water is important for cardiovascular health and it is anticipated that the World Health Organization will introduce minimum Mg recommendations. The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia is dependent on desalinated water which has a low Mg content and it is necessary to find a cost-effective means of supplementation. Dolomite (CaMg(CO3)2) is available at a similar cost to the limestone currently used in post-treatment. Replacement of limestone with dolomite in existing contactors in two commercial desalination plants was effective in raising magnesium concentrations in the produced water by 2.4 ± 0.5 ppm (Shoiabah, Multi-Stage Flash desalination) and 2.9 ± 0.2 ppm (Al Khobar, Reverse Osmosis desalination), sufficient to lift total Mg above the Saudi Arabian guideline value of 5 ppm. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-2b6edd72487741e8b9dfd7c2e3ff56ca |
| institution | DOAJ |
| issn | 2730-647X |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-03-01 |
| publisher | Springer |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Discover Water |
| spelling | doaj-art-2b6edd72487741e8b9dfd7c2e3ff56ca2025-08-20T03:05:49ZengSpringerDiscover Water2730-647X2025-03-015111010.1007/s43832-025-00210-4Dolomite for supplementation of desalinated drinking water in Saudi Arabia with magnesium, calcium, and hydrogen carbonate ionsAli A. Al Hamzah0Abdulrahman S. Alofi1Abdulrahman A. Abid2Jamal M. Salama3Ahmed A. Al Kubaish4Christopher M. Fellows5Water Technologies Innovation Institute and Research Advancement, Saline Water Conversion CorporationSaudi Water AuthoritySaudi Water AuthoritySaudi Water AuthoritySaudi Water AuthorityWater Technologies Innovation Institute and Research Advancement, Saline Water Conversion CorporationAbstract Magnesium (Mg) in drinking water is important for cardiovascular health and it is anticipated that the World Health Organization will introduce minimum Mg recommendations. The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia is dependent on desalinated water which has a low Mg content and it is necessary to find a cost-effective means of supplementation. Dolomite (CaMg(CO3)2) is available at a similar cost to the limestone currently used in post-treatment. Replacement of limestone with dolomite in existing contactors in two commercial desalination plants was effective in raising magnesium concentrations in the produced water by 2.4 ± 0.5 ppm (Shoiabah, Multi-Stage Flash desalination) and 2.9 ± 0.2 ppm (Al Khobar, Reverse Osmosis desalination), sufficient to lift total Mg above the Saudi Arabian guideline value of 5 ppm.https://doi.org/10.1007/s43832-025-00210-4DesalinationPost-treatmentMagnesiumDolomiteSeawater reverse osmosis (SWRO)Multi-stage flash (MSF) |
| spellingShingle | Ali A. Al Hamzah Abdulrahman S. Alofi Abdulrahman A. Abid Jamal M. Salama Ahmed A. Al Kubaish Christopher M. Fellows Dolomite for supplementation of desalinated drinking water in Saudi Arabia with magnesium, calcium, and hydrogen carbonate ions Discover Water Desalination Post-treatment Magnesium Dolomite Seawater reverse osmosis (SWRO) Multi-stage flash (MSF) |
| title | Dolomite for supplementation of desalinated drinking water in Saudi Arabia with magnesium, calcium, and hydrogen carbonate ions |
| title_full | Dolomite for supplementation of desalinated drinking water in Saudi Arabia with magnesium, calcium, and hydrogen carbonate ions |
| title_fullStr | Dolomite for supplementation of desalinated drinking water in Saudi Arabia with magnesium, calcium, and hydrogen carbonate ions |
| title_full_unstemmed | Dolomite for supplementation of desalinated drinking water in Saudi Arabia with magnesium, calcium, and hydrogen carbonate ions |
| title_short | Dolomite for supplementation of desalinated drinking water in Saudi Arabia with magnesium, calcium, and hydrogen carbonate ions |
| title_sort | dolomite for supplementation of desalinated drinking water in saudi arabia with magnesium calcium and hydrogen carbonate ions |
| topic | Desalination Post-treatment Magnesium Dolomite Seawater reverse osmosis (SWRO) Multi-stage flash (MSF) |
| url | https://doi.org/10.1007/s43832-025-00210-4 |
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