Exploring cortical excitability in children with cerebral palsy through lower limb robot training based on MI-BCI
Abstract This study aims to compare brain activity differences under the motor imagery-brain-computer interface (MI-BCI), motor imagery (MI), and resting (REST) paradigms through EEG microstate and functional connectivity (FC) analysis, providing a theoretical basis for applying MI-BCI in the rehabi...
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Nature Portfolio
2025-04-01
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| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-96946-z |
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| author | Weihang Qi Yi Zhang Yuwei Su Zhichong Hui ShaoQing Li HaoChong Wang Jiamei Zhang Kaili Shi Mingmei Wang Liang Zhou Dengna Zhu |
| author_facet | Weihang Qi Yi Zhang Yuwei Su Zhichong Hui ShaoQing Li HaoChong Wang Jiamei Zhang Kaili Shi Mingmei Wang Liang Zhou Dengna Zhu |
| author_sort | Weihang Qi |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Abstract This study aims to compare brain activity differences under the motor imagery-brain-computer interface (MI-BCI), motor imagery (MI), and resting (REST) paradigms through EEG microstate and functional connectivity (FC) analysis, providing a theoretical basis for applying MI-BCI in the rehabilitation of children with cerebral palsy (CP). This study included 30 subjects aged 4–6 years with GMFCS II-III grade, diagnosed with CP and classified as spastic diplegia. They sequentially completed EEG signal acquisition under REST, MI, and MI-BCI conditions. Clustering analysis was used to analyze EEG microstates and extract EEG microstate temporal parameters. Additionally, the strength of brain FC in different frequency bands was analyzed to compare the differences under various conditions. Four microstate classes (A-D) were identified to best explain the datasets of three groups. Compared to REST, the average duration and coverage rate of microstate D under MI and MI-BCI significantly increased (P < 0.05), while their frequency and the coverage rate and frequency of microstate A decreased. Compared to MI, the average duration of microstate C under MI-BCI significantly decreased (P < 0.05), while the frequency of microstate B significantly increased (P < 0.05). Additionally, the transition probability results showed that other microstates under REST had a higher transition probability to microstate A, while under MI and MI-BCI, other microstates had a higher transition probability to microstate D. The brain network results revealed significant differences in brain network connectivity among REST, MI, and MI-BCI across different frequency bands. No FC differences were found between REST, MI, and MI-BCI in the α2 frequency band. In the δ and γ frequency bands, MI and MI-BCI both had greater inter-electrode connectivity strength than REST. In the θ frequency band, REST had greater inter-electrode connectivity strength than MI-BCI, while MI-BCI had greater inter-electrode connectivity strength than both REST and MI. In the α1 frequency band, MI-BCI had greater inter-electrode connectivity strength than REST, and in the β frequency band, MI-BCI had greater inter-electrode connectivity strength than MI. MI-BCI can significantly alter the brain activity patterns of children with CP, particularly by enhancing the activity intensity of EEG microstates related to attention, motor planning, and execution, as well as the brain FC strength in different frequency bands. It holds high application value in the lower limb motor rehabilitation of children with CP. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-2ae272f30a2c4efca80c8fa65bddd6be |
| institution | OA Journals |
| issn | 2045-2322 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-04-01 |
| publisher | Nature Portfolio |
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| spelling | doaj-art-2ae272f30a2c4efca80c8fa65bddd6be2025-08-20T02:17:10ZengNature PortfolioScientific Reports2045-23222025-04-0115111210.1038/s41598-025-96946-zExploring cortical excitability in children with cerebral palsy through lower limb robot training based on MI-BCIWeihang Qi0Yi Zhang1Yuwei Su2Zhichong Hui3ShaoQing Li4HaoChong Wang5Jiamei Zhang6Kaili Shi7Mingmei Wang8Liang Zhou9Dengna Zhu10Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou UniversityDepartment of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou UniversityDepartment of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou UniversityDepartment of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou UniversityDepartment of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou UniversityInstitute of Health and Rehabilitation Science, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong UniversityDepartment of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou UniversityDepartment of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou UniversityDepartment of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou UniversityDepartment of Imaging, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou UniversityDepartment of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou UniversityAbstract This study aims to compare brain activity differences under the motor imagery-brain-computer interface (MI-BCI), motor imagery (MI), and resting (REST) paradigms through EEG microstate and functional connectivity (FC) analysis, providing a theoretical basis for applying MI-BCI in the rehabilitation of children with cerebral palsy (CP). This study included 30 subjects aged 4–6 years with GMFCS II-III grade, diagnosed with CP and classified as spastic diplegia. They sequentially completed EEG signal acquisition under REST, MI, and MI-BCI conditions. Clustering analysis was used to analyze EEG microstates and extract EEG microstate temporal parameters. Additionally, the strength of brain FC in different frequency bands was analyzed to compare the differences under various conditions. Four microstate classes (A-D) were identified to best explain the datasets of three groups. Compared to REST, the average duration and coverage rate of microstate D under MI and MI-BCI significantly increased (P < 0.05), while their frequency and the coverage rate and frequency of microstate A decreased. Compared to MI, the average duration of microstate C under MI-BCI significantly decreased (P < 0.05), while the frequency of microstate B significantly increased (P < 0.05). Additionally, the transition probability results showed that other microstates under REST had a higher transition probability to microstate A, while under MI and MI-BCI, other microstates had a higher transition probability to microstate D. The brain network results revealed significant differences in brain network connectivity among REST, MI, and MI-BCI across different frequency bands. No FC differences were found between REST, MI, and MI-BCI in the α2 frequency band. In the δ and γ frequency bands, MI and MI-BCI both had greater inter-electrode connectivity strength than REST. In the θ frequency band, REST had greater inter-electrode connectivity strength than MI-BCI, while MI-BCI had greater inter-electrode connectivity strength than both REST and MI. In the α1 frequency band, MI-BCI had greater inter-electrode connectivity strength than REST, and in the β frequency band, MI-BCI had greater inter-electrode connectivity strength than MI. MI-BCI can significantly alter the brain activity patterns of children with CP, particularly by enhancing the activity intensity of EEG microstates related to attention, motor planning, and execution, as well as the brain FC strength in different frequency bands. It holds high application value in the lower limb motor rehabilitation of children with CP.https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-96946-zCerebral palsyMI-BCICortical excitabilityEEG microstateFunctional connectivity |
| spellingShingle | Weihang Qi Yi Zhang Yuwei Su Zhichong Hui ShaoQing Li HaoChong Wang Jiamei Zhang Kaili Shi Mingmei Wang Liang Zhou Dengna Zhu Exploring cortical excitability in children with cerebral palsy through lower limb robot training based on MI-BCI Scientific Reports Cerebral palsy MI-BCI Cortical excitability EEG microstate Functional connectivity |
| title | Exploring cortical excitability in children with cerebral palsy through lower limb robot training based on MI-BCI |
| title_full | Exploring cortical excitability in children with cerebral palsy through lower limb robot training based on MI-BCI |
| title_fullStr | Exploring cortical excitability in children with cerebral palsy through lower limb robot training based on MI-BCI |
| title_full_unstemmed | Exploring cortical excitability in children with cerebral palsy through lower limb robot training based on MI-BCI |
| title_short | Exploring cortical excitability in children with cerebral palsy through lower limb robot training based on MI-BCI |
| title_sort | exploring cortical excitability in children with cerebral palsy through lower limb robot training based on mi bci |
| topic | Cerebral palsy MI-BCI Cortical excitability EEG microstate Functional connectivity |
| url | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-96946-z |
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