The Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR) in Veterinary Medicine: A Focused Review in Dogs and Cats
The erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) measures the rate at which erythrocytes aggregate and sediment in a fixed time in an anticoagulated blood tube and is expressed as a speed (mm/h). The ESR is still widely used in human medicine mainly as a modified or alternate method to the original Westergr...
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MDPI AG
2025-01-01
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| Series: | Animals |
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| author | Daniela Diamanti Carolina Pieroni Maria Grazia Pennisi Veronica Marchetti Eleonora Gori Saverio Paltrinieri George Lubas |
| author_facet | Daniela Diamanti Carolina Pieroni Maria Grazia Pennisi Veronica Marchetti Eleonora Gori Saverio Paltrinieri George Lubas |
| author_sort | Daniela Diamanti |
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| description | The erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) measures the rate at which erythrocytes aggregate and sediment in a fixed time in an anticoagulated blood tube and is expressed as a speed (mm/h). The ESR is still widely used in human medicine mainly as a modified or alternate method to the original Westergren. In veterinary medicine, it was employed in the 1940s–1960s after which it was gradually abandoned or rarely employed. More papers using the Westergren method have been published in dogs rather than in cats. In recent years, the test has regained importance. This narrative review describes the principle of ESR, which is related to the increase in a few acute response proteins such as fibrinogen, immunoglobulin M, and α2-macroglobulin which act to aggregate RBCs. Reference intervals were established for dogs and cats for the original and modified Westergren method. The ESR is mainly used to detect inflammatory conditions derived from infection, urinary or orthopedic disorders, and also miscellaneous diseases. The application of the modified ESR is supported by appropriate reference intervals; however, further studies are needed to assess the influence of age, sex, and breed both for dogs and cats. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-29d8c34580194e699a9557ba1dc488b6 |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2076-2615 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-01-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
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| series | Animals |
| spelling | doaj-art-29d8c34580194e699a9557ba1dc488b62025-01-24T13:18:16ZengMDPI AGAnimals2076-26152025-01-0115224610.3390/ani15020246The Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR) in Veterinary Medicine: A Focused Review in Dogs and CatsDaniela Diamanti0Carolina Pieroni1Maria Grazia Pennisi2Veronica Marchetti3Eleonora Gori4Saverio Paltrinieri5George Lubas6DIESSE Diagnostica Senese SpA, 53035 Monteriggioni, ItalyDIESSE Diagnostica Senese SpA, 53035 Monteriggioni, Italy“I Periodeuti” ASC, 89122 Reggio Calabria, ItalyDepartment of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, 56121 Pisa, ItalyDepartment of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, 56121 Pisa, ItalyDepartment of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Milan, 26900 Lodi, ItalyClinica Veterinaria Colombo, VetPartners Italia, V.le Colombo 153, 55041 Camaiore, ItalyThe erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) measures the rate at which erythrocytes aggregate and sediment in a fixed time in an anticoagulated blood tube and is expressed as a speed (mm/h). The ESR is still widely used in human medicine mainly as a modified or alternate method to the original Westergren. In veterinary medicine, it was employed in the 1940s–1960s after which it was gradually abandoned or rarely employed. More papers using the Westergren method have been published in dogs rather than in cats. In recent years, the test has regained importance. This narrative review describes the principle of ESR, which is related to the increase in a few acute response proteins such as fibrinogen, immunoglobulin M, and α2-macroglobulin which act to aggregate RBCs. Reference intervals were established for dogs and cats for the original and modified Westergren method. The ESR is mainly used to detect inflammatory conditions derived from infection, urinary or orthopedic disorders, and also miscellaneous diseases. The application of the modified ESR is supported by appropriate reference intervals; however, further studies are needed to assess the influence of age, sex, and breed both for dogs and cats.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2615/15/2/246erythrocyte sedimentation rateESRmodified Westergren ESRdogcatreference intervals |
| spellingShingle | Daniela Diamanti Carolina Pieroni Maria Grazia Pennisi Veronica Marchetti Eleonora Gori Saverio Paltrinieri George Lubas The Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR) in Veterinary Medicine: A Focused Review in Dogs and Cats Animals erythrocyte sedimentation rate ESR modified Westergren ESR dog cat reference intervals |
| title | The Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR) in Veterinary Medicine: A Focused Review in Dogs and Cats |
| title_full | The Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR) in Veterinary Medicine: A Focused Review in Dogs and Cats |
| title_fullStr | The Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR) in Veterinary Medicine: A Focused Review in Dogs and Cats |
| title_full_unstemmed | The Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR) in Veterinary Medicine: A Focused Review in Dogs and Cats |
| title_short | The Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR) in Veterinary Medicine: A Focused Review in Dogs and Cats |
| title_sort | erythrocyte sedimentation rate esr in veterinary medicine a focused review in dogs and cats |
| topic | erythrocyte sedimentation rate ESR modified Westergren ESR dog cat reference intervals |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2615/15/2/246 |
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