The Multimessenger Contribution of Ultra-High-Energy Cosmic Rays from Gamma-Ray Bursts
It has long been debated whether gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) could serve as potential sources of ultra-high-energy cosmic rays (UHECRs). In this study, we consider GRBs as sources of UHECR injection with an injection index of <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&...
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| author | Zhenjiang Li Fangsheng Min Yi Jin Yiqing Guo |
| author_facet | Zhenjiang Li Fangsheng Min Yi Jin Yiqing Guo |
| author_sort | Zhenjiang Li |
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| description | It has long been debated whether gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) could serve as potential sources of ultra-high-energy cosmic rays (UHECRs). In this study, we consider GRBs as sources of UHECR injection with an injection index of <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mi>α</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>2</mn></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> and propagate them through the extragalactic magnetic field within the framework of CRPropa 3. The baryon loading factor <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msub><mi>f</mi><mrow><mi>C</mi><mi>R</mi></mrow></msub></semantics></math></inline-formula> is taken into account to quantify the rate of UHECR energy injection. In the benchmark case with a jet opening angle of <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>θ</mi><mi>j</mi></msub><mo>=</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> and <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>f</mi><mrow><mi>C</mi><mi>R</mi></mrow></msub><mo>=</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>, we find that both high- and low-luminosity populations contribute to less than 10% of the UHECR spectrum. The most constrained scenario suggests <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>f</mi><mrow><mi>C</mi><mi>R</mi></mrow></msub><mo>≤</mo><mn>15</mn></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>, indicating that GRBs are less efficient in producing the all-sky UHECR intensity. The high-energy diffuse neutrinos and gamma rays resulting from interactions between UHECRs from GRBs and extragalactic background photons do not dominate the observations of Fermi-LAT or IceCube. |
| format | Article |
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| spelling | doaj-art-27b1edfacbaa4950a02ebe3bfb8dfb012025-01-24T13:51:31ZengMDPI AGUniverse2218-19972025-01-011112210.3390/universe11010022The Multimessenger Contribution of Ultra-High-Energy Cosmic Rays from Gamma-Ray BurstsZhenjiang Li0Fangsheng Min1Yi Jin2Yiqing Guo3School of Physics and Technology, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, ChinaKey Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, ChinaSchool of Physics and Technology, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, ChinaKey Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, ChinaIt has long been debated whether gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) could serve as potential sources of ultra-high-energy cosmic rays (UHECRs). In this study, we consider GRBs as sources of UHECR injection with an injection index of <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mi>α</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>2</mn></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> and propagate them through the extragalactic magnetic field within the framework of CRPropa 3. The baryon loading factor <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msub><mi>f</mi><mrow><mi>C</mi><mi>R</mi></mrow></msub></semantics></math></inline-formula> is taken into account to quantify the rate of UHECR energy injection. In the benchmark case with a jet opening angle of <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>θ</mi><mi>j</mi></msub><mo>=</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> and <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>f</mi><mrow><mi>C</mi><mi>R</mi></mrow></msub><mo>=</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>, we find that both high- and low-luminosity populations contribute to less than 10% of the UHECR spectrum. The most constrained scenario suggests <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>f</mi><mrow><mi>C</mi><mi>R</mi></mrow></msub><mo>≤</mo><mn>15</mn></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>, indicating that GRBs are less efficient in producing the all-sky UHECR intensity. The high-energy diffuse neutrinos and gamma rays resulting from interactions between UHECRs from GRBs and extragalactic background photons do not dominate the observations of Fermi-LAT or IceCube.https://www.mdpi.com/2218-1997/11/1/22UHECRcosmogenic neutrinoGRBmultimessenger astronomy |
| spellingShingle | Zhenjiang Li Fangsheng Min Yi Jin Yiqing Guo The Multimessenger Contribution of Ultra-High-Energy Cosmic Rays from Gamma-Ray Bursts Universe UHECR cosmogenic neutrino GRB multimessenger astronomy |
| title | The Multimessenger Contribution of Ultra-High-Energy Cosmic Rays from Gamma-Ray Bursts |
| title_full | The Multimessenger Contribution of Ultra-High-Energy Cosmic Rays from Gamma-Ray Bursts |
| title_fullStr | The Multimessenger Contribution of Ultra-High-Energy Cosmic Rays from Gamma-Ray Bursts |
| title_full_unstemmed | The Multimessenger Contribution of Ultra-High-Energy Cosmic Rays from Gamma-Ray Bursts |
| title_short | The Multimessenger Contribution of Ultra-High-Energy Cosmic Rays from Gamma-Ray Bursts |
| title_sort | multimessenger contribution of ultra high energy cosmic rays from gamma ray bursts |
| topic | UHECR cosmogenic neutrino GRB multimessenger astronomy |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2218-1997/11/1/22 |
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