The Story of CD4+CD28− T Cells Revisited: Solved or Still Ongoing?
CD4+CD28− T cells are a unique type of proinflammatory T cells characterised by blockade of costimulatory CD28 receptor expression at the transcriptional level, which is still reversible by IL-12. In healthy individuals older than 65 years, these cells may accumulate to up to 50% of total CD4+ T lym...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Wiley
2015-01-01
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| Series: | Journal of Immunology Research |
| Online Access: | http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/348746 |
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| author | Kathrin Maly Michael Schirmer |
| author_facet | Kathrin Maly Michael Schirmer |
| author_sort | Kathrin Maly |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | CD4+CD28− T cells are a unique type of proinflammatory T cells characterised by blockade of costimulatory CD28 receptor expression at the transcriptional level, which is still reversible by IL-12. In healthy individuals older than 65 years, these cells may accumulate to up to 50% of total CD4+ T lymphocytes as in many immune-mediated diseases, immunodeficiency, and specific infectious diseases. Here we focus on CD4+CD28− T cells in chronic immune-mediated diseases, summarizing various phenotypic and functional characteristics, which vary depending on the underlying disease, disease activity, and concurrent treatment. CD4+CD28− T cells present as effector/memory cells with increased replicative history and oligoclonality but reduced apoptosis. As an alternative costimulatory signal instead of CD28, not only natural killer cell receptors and Toll-like receptors, but also CD47, CTLA-4, OX40, and 4-1BB have to be considered. The proinflammatory and cytotoxic capacities of these cells indicate an involvement in progression and maintenance of chronic immune-mediated disease. So far it has been shown that treatment with TNF-α blockers, abatacept, statins, and polyclonal antilymphocyte globulins (ATG) mediates reduction of the CD4+CD28− T cell level. The clinical relevance of targeting CD4+CD28− T cells as a therapeutic option has not been examined so far. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-276b7a7e51d94f7693fa586796c468a6 |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2314-8861 2314-7156 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2015-01-01 |
| publisher | Wiley |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Journal of Immunology Research |
| spelling | doaj-art-276b7a7e51d94f7693fa586796c468a62025-02-03T07:23:52ZengWileyJournal of Immunology Research2314-88612314-71562015-01-01201510.1155/2015/348746348746The Story of CD4+CD28− T Cells Revisited: Solved or Still Ongoing?Kathrin Maly0Michael Schirmer1Clinic VI, Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Rheumatology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Anichstrasse 35, 6020 Innsbruck, AustriaClinic VI, Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Rheumatology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Anichstrasse 35, 6020 Innsbruck, AustriaCD4+CD28− T cells are a unique type of proinflammatory T cells characterised by blockade of costimulatory CD28 receptor expression at the transcriptional level, which is still reversible by IL-12. In healthy individuals older than 65 years, these cells may accumulate to up to 50% of total CD4+ T lymphocytes as in many immune-mediated diseases, immunodeficiency, and specific infectious diseases. Here we focus on CD4+CD28− T cells in chronic immune-mediated diseases, summarizing various phenotypic and functional characteristics, which vary depending on the underlying disease, disease activity, and concurrent treatment. CD4+CD28− T cells present as effector/memory cells with increased replicative history and oligoclonality but reduced apoptosis. As an alternative costimulatory signal instead of CD28, not only natural killer cell receptors and Toll-like receptors, but also CD47, CTLA-4, OX40, and 4-1BB have to be considered. The proinflammatory and cytotoxic capacities of these cells indicate an involvement in progression and maintenance of chronic immune-mediated disease. So far it has been shown that treatment with TNF-α blockers, abatacept, statins, and polyclonal antilymphocyte globulins (ATG) mediates reduction of the CD4+CD28− T cell level. The clinical relevance of targeting CD4+CD28− T cells as a therapeutic option has not been examined so far.http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/348746 |
| spellingShingle | Kathrin Maly Michael Schirmer The Story of CD4+CD28− T Cells Revisited: Solved or Still Ongoing? Journal of Immunology Research |
| title | The Story of CD4+CD28− T Cells Revisited: Solved or Still Ongoing? |
| title_full | The Story of CD4+CD28− T Cells Revisited: Solved or Still Ongoing? |
| title_fullStr | The Story of CD4+CD28− T Cells Revisited: Solved or Still Ongoing? |
| title_full_unstemmed | The Story of CD4+CD28− T Cells Revisited: Solved or Still Ongoing? |
| title_short | The Story of CD4+CD28− T Cells Revisited: Solved or Still Ongoing? |
| title_sort | story of cd4 cd28 t cells revisited solved or still ongoing |
| url | http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/348746 |
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