Biofilm Compositions and Bacterial Diversity on Kitchen Towels in Daily Use
Towels with complex woven structures are susceptible to biofilm formation during daily use. The composition of biofilms formed on towels used under real-life conditions has yet to be studied. Thus, we investigated the color changes, structural integrity, and biofilm development on towels used contin...
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MDPI AG
2025-01-01
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| Series: | Microorganisms |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/13/1/97 |
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| author | Yao Zhang Kexin Li Yibo Ru Yue Ma |
| author_facet | Yao Zhang Kexin Li Yibo Ru Yue Ma |
| author_sort | Yao Zhang |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Towels with complex woven structures are susceptible to biofilm formation during daily use. The composition of biofilms formed on towels used under real-life conditions has yet to be studied. Thus, we investigated the color changes, structural integrity, and biofilm development on towels used continuously for 10 weeks by 12 volunteers in specific kitchen environments. Apparent biofilms composed of bacteria and extracellular polymeric substances (EPSs) were found on all used towels. The bacteria concentrations ranged from 4 to 7 log CFU/g. Proteins were the most abundant EPS, followed by polysaccharides and eDNA. A high-throughput sequencing method was employed to investigate the bacterial diversity on the towels. The predominant bacterial genera differed from towel to towel. <i>Kocuria</i>, <i>Rothia</i>, <i>Psychrobacter</i>, <i>Enhydrobacter</i>, and <i>Pseudomonas</i> are genera of relatively high abundance that may originate from the human body and foods. In addition, correlations among environmental factors, major bacterial genera, physical properties, and biofilm formation of the towels were analyzed, which could provide a scientific reference for maintaining towel hygiene. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-26e313604b9846c3801f331c7123a3f0 |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2076-2607 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-01-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Microorganisms |
| spelling | doaj-art-26e313604b9846c3801f331c7123a3f02025-01-24T13:42:38ZengMDPI AGMicroorganisms2076-26072025-01-011319710.3390/microorganisms13010097Biofilm Compositions and Bacterial Diversity on Kitchen Towels in Daily UseYao Zhang0Kexin Li1Yibo Ru2Yue Ma3School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, ChinaSchool of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, ChinaSchool of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, ChinaSchool of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, ChinaTowels with complex woven structures are susceptible to biofilm formation during daily use. The composition of biofilms formed on towels used under real-life conditions has yet to be studied. Thus, we investigated the color changes, structural integrity, and biofilm development on towels used continuously for 10 weeks by 12 volunteers in specific kitchen environments. Apparent biofilms composed of bacteria and extracellular polymeric substances (EPSs) were found on all used towels. The bacteria concentrations ranged from 4 to 7 log CFU/g. Proteins were the most abundant EPS, followed by polysaccharides and eDNA. A high-throughput sequencing method was employed to investigate the bacterial diversity on the towels. The predominant bacterial genera differed from towel to towel. <i>Kocuria</i>, <i>Rothia</i>, <i>Psychrobacter</i>, <i>Enhydrobacter</i>, and <i>Pseudomonas</i> are genera of relatively high abundance that may originate from the human body and foods. In addition, correlations among environmental factors, major bacterial genera, physical properties, and biofilm formation of the towels were analyzed, which could provide a scientific reference for maintaining towel hygiene.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/13/1/97biofilmhigh-throughput sequencingbacterial diversitytowel |
| spellingShingle | Yao Zhang Kexin Li Yibo Ru Yue Ma Biofilm Compositions and Bacterial Diversity on Kitchen Towels in Daily Use Microorganisms biofilm high-throughput sequencing bacterial diversity towel |
| title | Biofilm Compositions and Bacterial Diversity on Kitchen Towels in Daily Use |
| title_full | Biofilm Compositions and Bacterial Diversity on Kitchen Towels in Daily Use |
| title_fullStr | Biofilm Compositions and Bacterial Diversity on Kitchen Towels in Daily Use |
| title_full_unstemmed | Biofilm Compositions and Bacterial Diversity on Kitchen Towels in Daily Use |
| title_short | Biofilm Compositions and Bacterial Diversity on Kitchen Towels in Daily Use |
| title_sort | biofilm compositions and bacterial diversity on kitchen towels in daily use |
| topic | biofilm high-throughput sequencing bacterial diversity towel |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/13/1/97 |
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