A Survey of Post-Quantum Cryptography Migration in Vehicles
The advent of quantum computers makes asymmetric cryptographic algorithms insecure and vulnerable. A promising solution to ensure the continued security attributes of confidentiality, integrity, and availability is the use of Post-Quantum Cryptography (PQC) algorithms. The adoption of quantum-safe a...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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IEEE
2025-01-01
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| Series: | IEEE Access |
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| Online Access: | https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/10838531/ |
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| author | Nils Lohmiller Sabrina Kaniewski Michael Menth Tobias Heer |
| author_facet | Nils Lohmiller Sabrina Kaniewski Michael Menth Tobias Heer |
| author_sort | Nils Lohmiller |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The advent of quantum computers makes asymmetric cryptographic algorithms insecure and vulnerable. A promising solution to ensure the continued security attributes of confidentiality, integrity, and availability is the use of Post-Quantum Cryptography (PQC) algorithms. The adoption of quantum-safe algorithms takes place at a vastly different pace in different industries. In some industries, adoption processes are slow due to the required adaptation of regulations and standards. At the same time, long-lived products with non-PQC algorithms are more likely to become insecure during their lifetime. Vehicles are a prime example of long-lived products where the adoption of PQC proceeds slowly. When quantum computers are able to break relevant key lengths of asymmetric cryptography and, thus, render current vehicle systems insecure, vehicles that are developed and produced today will most likely remain in use. In this work, we provide a structured and comprehensive overview of the current migration state of PQC algorithms in the automotive area. We address use cases involving asymmetric cryptography in the automotive context that face the challenge of adapting PQC, such as internal vehicle networks, manufacturer-specific communication, and vehicle-to-everything communication. In addition, we review the standards concerning vehicle security and their relevance to PQC. Finally, we identify and discuss open research challenges regarding the adoption of PQC in the automotive domain and further steps towards quantum-safe vehicles. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-252ab23d28c84214bc6d2086f8203440 |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2169-3536 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-01-01 |
| publisher | IEEE |
| record_format | Article |
| series | IEEE Access |
| spelling | doaj-art-252ab23d28c84214bc6d2086f82034402025-01-21T00:01:37ZengIEEEIEEE Access2169-35362025-01-0113101601017610.1109/ACCESS.2025.352856210838531A Survey of Post-Quantum Cryptography Migration in VehiclesNils Lohmiller0https://orcid.org/0009-0008-1301-4002Sabrina Kaniewski1https://orcid.org/0009-0004-3966-9681Michael Menth2https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3216-1015Tobias Heer3https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3119-252XDepartment of Computer Science and Engineering, Esslingen University of Applied Sciences, Esslingen, GermanyDepartment of Computer Science and Engineering, Esslingen University of Applied Sciences, Esslingen, GermanyChair of Communication Networks, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, GermanyDepartment of Computer Science and Engineering, Esslingen University of Applied Sciences, Esslingen, GermanyThe advent of quantum computers makes asymmetric cryptographic algorithms insecure and vulnerable. A promising solution to ensure the continued security attributes of confidentiality, integrity, and availability is the use of Post-Quantum Cryptography (PQC) algorithms. The adoption of quantum-safe algorithms takes place at a vastly different pace in different industries. In some industries, adoption processes are slow due to the required adaptation of regulations and standards. At the same time, long-lived products with non-PQC algorithms are more likely to become insecure during their lifetime. Vehicles are a prime example of long-lived products where the adoption of PQC proceeds slowly. When quantum computers are able to break relevant key lengths of asymmetric cryptography and, thus, render current vehicle systems insecure, vehicles that are developed and produced today will most likely remain in use. In this work, we provide a structured and comprehensive overview of the current migration state of PQC algorithms in the automotive area. We address use cases involving asymmetric cryptography in the automotive context that face the challenge of adapting PQC, such as internal vehicle networks, manufacturer-specific communication, and vehicle-to-everything communication. In addition, we review the standards concerning vehicle security and their relevance to PQC. Finally, we identify and discuss open research challenges regarding the adoption of PQC in the automotive domain and further steps towards quantum-safe vehicles.https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/10838531/Post-quantum cryptography (PQC)PQC migrationvehiclesV2VV2XIoV |
| spellingShingle | Nils Lohmiller Sabrina Kaniewski Michael Menth Tobias Heer A Survey of Post-Quantum Cryptography Migration in Vehicles IEEE Access Post-quantum cryptography (PQC) PQC migration vehicles V2V V2X IoV |
| title | A Survey of Post-Quantum Cryptography Migration in Vehicles |
| title_full | A Survey of Post-Quantum Cryptography Migration in Vehicles |
| title_fullStr | A Survey of Post-Quantum Cryptography Migration in Vehicles |
| title_full_unstemmed | A Survey of Post-Quantum Cryptography Migration in Vehicles |
| title_short | A Survey of Post-Quantum Cryptography Migration in Vehicles |
| title_sort | survey of post quantum cryptography migration in vehicles |
| topic | Post-quantum cryptography (PQC) PQC migration vehicles V2V V2X IoV |
| url | https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/10838531/ |
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