Towards an Automated Design Evaluation Method for Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing
Freedom of design and the cost-effective production of structural parts have led to much research interest in <i>Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing</i> (WAAM). Nevertheless, WAAM is subject to design constraints and fundamentally differs from other additive manufacturing processes. Conseque...
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2025-01-01
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| author | Johannes Pusicha Henrik Stromberg Markus Quanz Armin Lohrengel |
| author_facet | Johannes Pusicha Henrik Stromberg Markus Quanz Armin Lohrengel |
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| description | Freedom of design and the cost-effective production of structural parts have led to much research interest in <i>Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing</i> (WAAM). Nevertheless, WAAM is subject to design constraints and fundamentally differs from other additive manufacturing processes. Consequently, design guidelines and supporting design evaluation tools adapted to WAAM are needed. One geometric approach to design evaluation is the use of a three-dimensional medial axis transformation (3D-MAT) to derive local geometry indicators. Previous works define the thickness and radius indicators. In this work, the angle between opposing faces and a mass gradient indicator are added. To apply the literature design rules regarding wall thickness, clearance, bead angle, and edge radius to specific geometry regions, features are classified by the indicators. Following a literature suggestion, wall and corner regions are differentiated by the angle indicator. An angle of <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msup><mn>65</mn><mo>°</mo></msup></semantics></math></inline-formula> is identified as an effective separation limit. Additionally, the analogy of Heuvers’ spheres to the MAT helps estimate a limit of <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mstyle scriptlevel="0" displaystyle="true"><mfrac><mrow><msub><mi>k</mi><mi>H</mi></msub><mo>−</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow><mrow><msub><mi>k</mi><mi>H</mi></msub><mo>+</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow></mfrac></mstyle></semantics></math></inline-formula> for the mass gradient (<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msub><mi>k</mi><mi>H</mi></msub></semantics></math></inline-formula>: Heuvers’ factor). Finally, tests on example parts demonstrate the method’s effectiveness in verifying compliance to the specified rules. With a numerical complexity of <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mi mathvariant="script">O</mi><mo>(</mo><msup><mi>n</mi><mn>2</mn></msup><mo>)</mo></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>, this method is more efficient than finite element analyses, providing early feedback in the design process. |
| format | Article |
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| spelling | doaj-art-2504b1a5ff924def92e7ca971f9225da2025-01-24T13:21:24ZengMDPI AGApplied Sciences2076-34172025-01-0115293810.3390/app15020938Towards an Automated Design Evaluation Method for Wire Arc Additive ManufacturingJohannes Pusicha0Henrik Stromberg1Markus Quanz2Armin Lohrengel3Institute of Mechanical Engineering, Clausthal University of Technology, 38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld, GermanyInstitute of Mechanical Engineering, Clausthal University of Technology, 38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld, GermanyInstitute of Mechanical Engineering, Clausthal University of Technology, 38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld, GermanyInstitute of Mechanical Engineering, Clausthal University of Technology, 38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld, GermanyFreedom of design and the cost-effective production of structural parts have led to much research interest in <i>Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing</i> (WAAM). Nevertheless, WAAM is subject to design constraints and fundamentally differs from other additive manufacturing processes. Consequently, design guidelines and supporting design evaluation tools adapted to WAAM are needed. One geometric approach to design evaluation is the use of a three-dimensional medial axis transformation (3D-MAT) to derive local geometry indicators. Previous works define the thickness and radius indicators. In this work, the angle between opposing faces and a mass gradient indicator are added. To apply the literature design rules regarding wall thickness, clearance, bead angle, and edge radius to specific geometry regions, features are classified by the indicators. Following a literature suggestion, wall and corner regions are differentiated by the angle indicator. An angle of <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msup><mn>65</mn><mo>°</mo></msup></semantics></math></inline-formula> is identified as an effective separation limit. Additionally, the analogy of Heuvers’ spheres to the MAT helps estimate a limit of <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mstyle scriptlevel="0" displaystyle="true"><mfrac><mrow><msub><mi>k</mi><mi>H</mi></msub><mo>−</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow><mrow><msub><mi>k</mi><mi>H</mi></msub><mo>+</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow></mfrac></mstyle></semantics></math></inline-formula> for the mass gradient (<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msub><mi>k</mi><mi>H</mi></msub></semantics></math></inline-formula>: Heuvers’ factor). Finally, tests on example parts demonstrate the method’s effectiveness in verifying compliance to the specified rules. With a numerical complexity of <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mi mathvariant="script">O</mi><mo>(</mo><msup><mi>n</mi><mn>2</mn></msup><mo>)</mo></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>, this method is more efficient than finite element analyses, providing early feedback in the design process.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/15/2/938WAAMdesign guidelinesHeuvers’ circlesmanufacturabilityautomated evaluationmedial axis transformation |
| spellingShingle | Johannes Pusicha Henrik Stromberg Markus Quanz Armin Lohrengel Towards an Automated Design Evaluation Method for Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing Applied Sciences WAAM design guidelines Heuvers’ circles manufacturability automated evaluation medial axis transformation |
| title | Towards an Automated Design Evaluation Method for Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing |
| title_full | Towards an Automated Design Evaluation Method for Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing |
| title_fullStr | Towards an Automated Design Evaluation Method for Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing |
| title_full_unstemmed | Towards an Automated Design Evaluation Method for Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing |
| title_short | Towards an Automated Design Evaluation Method for Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing |
| title_sort | towards an automated design evaluation method for wire arc additive manufacturing |
| topic | WAAM design guidelines Heuvers’ circles manufacturability automated evaluation medial axis transformation |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/15/2/938 |
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