Immunotherapies to Nano-Immunotherapies: Advances in Immune Targeting in Bladder Cancer
Bladder cancer is among most common malignancies worldwide, with significant morbidity and mortality. Conventional treatment strategies for bladder cancer include transurethral resection, radical cystectomy and chemotherapy. However, the complex immune landscape of bladder cancer involves innate and...
Saved in:
| Main Authors: | , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Asian Medical Press Ltd.(H.K.)
2025-02-01
|
| Series: | Annals of Urologic Oncology |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | http://auo.asmepress.com/articles/new-53-542.html |
| Tags: |
Add Tag
No Tags, Be the first to tag this record!
|
| _version_ | 1832539879113752576 |
|---|---|
| author | Beatriz Ramos Dakota Rogers |
| author_facet | Beatriz Ramos Dakota Rogers |
| author_sort | Beatriz Ramos |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Bladder cancer is among most common malignancies worldwide, with significant morbidity and mortality. Conventional treatment strategies for bladder cancer include transurethral resection, radical cystectomy and chemotherapy. However, the complex immune landscape of bladder cancer involves innate and adaptive immune components that either promote or suppress tumor progression. Upregulation of checkpoint molecules like PD-L1 and recruitment of immunosuppressive cells, contribute to immune evasion and treatment resistance. Immune checkpoint inhibitors such as nivolumab, pembrolizumab, avelumab, and atezolizumab have shown promising results in clinical trials and have been approved for metastatic and high-risk bladder cancer. Additionally, Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) immunotherapy has long been in use as bladder cancer treatment. Furthermore, natural killer cell-based therapies and novel immune targets like TIGIT and CD155 are under investigation to enhance anti-tumor immunity. However, challenges such as toxic side-effects, variable response rates and the need for predictive biomarkers persists. Nanotechnology offers promising solutions to improve immunotherapy outcomes. Recent advances include the use of gold nanoparticles, TLR agonist-loaded nanoparticles, and exosome-based delivery systems to boost immune responses. Additionally, nanovaccine strategies incorporating tumor-associated antigens and immune adjuvants show potential for personalized cancer immunotherapy. Here, we discuss the immune landscape of bladder cancer, explore the emerging immunotherapies being used as bladder cancer treatment, and discuss the advantages of using nanoparticles as carriers of immunotherapies against bladder cancer. By optimizing combination strategies, identifying novel immunotherapeutic targets, and leveraging nanotechnology for precision medicine, future holds great promise in improving the efficacy of immunotherapies and alleviating bladder cancer burden. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-24c6c264ed3948c7bea06615bdab03c6 |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2617-7765 2617-7773 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-02-01 |
| publisher | Asian Medical Press Ltd.(H.K.) |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Annals of Urologic Oncology |
| spelling | doaj-art-24c6c264ed3948c7bea06615bdab03c62025-02-05T07:58:44ZengAsian Medical Press Ltd.(H.K.)Annals of Urologic Oncology2617-77652617-77732025-02-018410.32948/auo.2025.02.01Immunotherapies to Nano-Immunotherapies: Advances in Immune Targeting in Bladder CancerBeatriz Ramos0 Dakota Rogers1Department of Medical Laboratory Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington 40506, Kentucky, USA.School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington 40506, Kentucky, USA.Bladder cancer is among most common malignancies worldwide, with significant morbidity and mortality. Conventional treatment strategies for bladder cancer include transurethral resection, radical cystectomy and chemotherapy. However, the complex immune landscape of bladder cancer involves innate and adaptive immune components that either promote or suppress tumor progression. Upregulation of checkpoint molecules like PD-L1 and recruitment of immunosuppressive cells, contribute to immune evasion and treatment resistance. Immune checkpoint inhibitors such as nivolumab, pembrolizumab, avelumab, and atezolizumab have shown promising results in clinical trials and have been approved for metastatic and high-risk bladder cancer. Additionally, Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) immunotherapy has long been in use as bladder cancer treatment. Furthermore, natural killer cell-based therapies and novel immune targets like TIGIT and CD155 are under investigation to enhance anti-tumor immunity. However, challenges such as toxic side-effects, variable response rates and the need for predictive biomarkers persists. Nanotechnology offers promising solutions to improve immunotherapy outcomes. Recent advances include the use of gold nanoparticles, TLR agonist-loaded nanoparticles, and exosome-based delivery systems to boost immune responses. Additionally, nanovaccine strategies incorporating tumor-associated antigens and immune adjuvants show potential for personalized cancer immunotherapy. Here, we discuss the immune landscape of bladder cancer, explore the emerging immunotherapies being used as bladder cancer treatment, and discuss the advantages of using nanoparticles as carriers of immunotherapies against bladder cancer. By optimizing combination strategies, identifying novel immunotherapeutic targets, and leveraging nanotechnology for precision medicine, future holds great promise in improving the efficacy of immunotherapies and alleviating bladder cancer burden.http://auo.asmepress.com/articles/new-53-542.htmlbladder cancernano-immunotherapiesbcg immunotherapynanovaccinescheckpoint molecules |
| spellingShingle | Beatriz Ramos Dakota Rogers Immunotherapies to Nano-Immunotherapies: Advances in Immune Targeting in Bladder Cancer Annals of Urologic Oncology bladder cancer nano-immunotherapies bcg immunotherapy nanovaccines checkpoint molecules |
| title | Immunotherapies to Nano-Immunotherapies: Advances in Immune Targeting in Bladder Cancer |
| title_full | Immunotherapies to Nano-Immunotherapies: Advances in Immune Targeting in Bladder Cancer |
| title_fullStr | Immunotherapies to Nano-Immunotherapies: Advances in Immune Targeting in Bladder Cancer |
| title_full_unstemmed | Immunotherapies to Nano-Immunotherapies: Advances in Immune Targeting in Bladder Cancer |
| title_short | Immunotherapies to Nano-Immunotherapies: Advances in Immune Targeting in Bladder Cancer |
| title_sort | immunotherapies to nano immunotherapies advances in immune targeting in bladder cancer |
| topic | bladder cancer nano-immunotherapies bcg immunotherapy nanovaccines checkpoint molecules |
| url | http://auo.asmepress.com/articles/new-53-542.html |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT beatrizramos immunotherapiestonanoimmunotherapiesadvancesinimmunetargetinginbladdercancer AT dakotarogers immunotherapiestonanoimmunotherapiesadvancesinimmunetargetinginbladdercancer |