Evolving SARS-CoV-2 Vaccines: From Current Solutions to Broad-Spectrum Protection

Evolving SARS-CoV-2 Vaccines: From Current Solutions to Broad-Spectrum Protection

The continuous evolution of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and the emergence of variants of concern (VOCs) underscore the critical role of vaccination in pandemic control. These mutations not only enhance viral infectivity but also facilitate immune evasion and diminish...

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Main Authors: Rui Qiao, Jiayan Li, Jiami Gong, Yuchen Shao, Jizhen Yu, Yumeng Chen, Yinying Lu, Luxuan Yang, Luanfeng Lin, Zixin Hu, Pengfei Wang, Xiaoyu Zhao, Wenhong Zhang
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: MDPI AG 2025-06-01
Series:Vaccines
Subjects:
coronavirus
sarbecovirus
vaccines
immune evasion
broadly neutralizing antibodies
Online Access:https://www.mdpi.com/2076-393X/13/6/635
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Summary:The continuous evolution of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and the emergence of variants of concern (VOCs) underscore the critical role of vaccination in pandemic control. These mutations not only enhance viral infectivity but also facilitate immune evasion and diminish vaccine efficacy, necessitating ongoing surveillance and vaccine adaptation. Current SARS-CoV-2 vaccines, including inactivated, live-attenuated, viral vector, protein subunit, virus-like particle, and nucleic acid vaccines, face challenges due to the immune evasion strategies of emerging variants. Moreover, other sarbecoviruses, such as SARS-CoV-1 and SARS-related coronaviruses (SARSr-CoVs) pose a potential risk for future outbreaks. Thus, developing vaccines capable of countering emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants and providing broad protection against multiple sarbecoviruses is imperative. Several innovative vaccine platforms are being investigated to elicit broad-spectrum neutralizing antibody responses, offering protection against both current SARS-CoV-2 variants and other sarbecoviruses. This review presents an updated overview of the key target antigens and therapeutic strategies employed in current SARS-CoV-2 vaccines. Additionally, we summarize ongoing approaches for the development of vaccines targeting infectious sarbecoviruses.
ISSN:2076-393X

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