Dual Functions of Androgen Receptor Overexpression in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer: A Complex Prognostic Marker
A subset of triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) expresses the androgen receptor (AR), but thresholds for AR positivity and its clinical significance vary. We hypothesize that objective assessment outperforms subjective methods, and that high AR negatively impacts prognosis. In a population-based TN...
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2025-01-01
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| author | Umay Kiraz Emma Rewcastle Silja K. Fykse Ingrid Lundal Einar G. Gudlaugsson Ivar Skaland Håvard Søiland Jan P. A. Baak Emiel A. M. Janssen |
| author_facet | Umay Kiraz Emma Rewcastle Silja K. Fykse Ingrid Lundal Einar G. Gudlaugsson Ivar Skaland Håvard Søiland Jan P. A. Baak Emiel A. M. Janssen |
| author_sort | Umay Kiraz |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | A subset of triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) expresses the androgen receptor (AR), but thresholds for AR positivity and its clinical significance vary. We hypothesize that objective assessment outperforms subjective methods, and that high AR negatively impacts prognosis. In a population-based TNBC cohort (<i>n</i> = 198) with long follow-up (4–383 months), AR expression was evaluated via subjective scoring (AR-Manual) and automated digital image analysis (AR-DIA). A 10% cut-off value via AR-DIA was the strongest negative prognostic threshold for distant metastases (<i>p</i> = 0.008). High AR-DIA correlated with lower grade (<i>p</i> = 0.014), and lower proliferation (<i>p</i> = 0.004) but also with larger tumors (<i>p</i> = 0.047), distant metastasis (<i>p</i> = 0.052), and lymph node (LN) positivity (<i>p</i> < 0.001), highlighting its dual roles. Multivariate analysis revealed interaction between LN status and AR-DIA (<i>p</i> < 0.001) as the strongest prognostic factor, followed by fibrotic focus (FF; <i>p</i> = 0.009), mitotic activity index (MAI; <i>p</i> = 0.018), and stromal tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (sTILs; <i>p</i> = 0.041). AR-DIA had no additional prognostic value in favorable subgroups but was significant in unfavorable subgroups. In high AR-DIA patients with unfavorable characteristics, ACT did not improve survival, and patients may benefit from AR-targeted therapy. Overall, the DIA method provides reproducibility, high AR-DIA (≥10%) shows opposing survival effects in different TNBC subgroups, and AR evaluation is crucial for prognosis and AR-targeted therapies. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-231afd22ddae4e359101262825e0c1ec |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2306-5354 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-01-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
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| series | Bioengineering |
| spelling | doaj-art-231afd22ddae4e359101262825e0c1ec2025-01-24T13:23:06ZengMDPI AGBioengineering2306-53542025-01-011215410.3390/bioengineering12010054Dual Functions of Androgen Receptor Overexpression in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer: A Complex Prognostic MarkerUmay Kiraz0Emma Rewcastle1Silja K. Fykse2Ingrid Lundal3Einar G. Gudlaugsson4Ivar Skaland5Håvard Søiland6Jan P. A. Baak7Emiel A. M. Janssen8Department of Pathology, Stavanger University Hospital, 4011 Stavanger, NorwayDepartment of Pathology, Stavanger University Hospital, 4011 Stavanger, NorwayDepartment of Pathology, Stavanger University Hospital, 4011 Stavanger, NorwayDepartment of Pathology, Stavanger University Hospital, 4011 Stavanger, NorwayDepartment of Pathology, Stavanger University Hospital, 4011 Stavanger, NorwayDepartment of Pathology, Stavanger University Hospital, 4011 Stavanger, NorwayDepartment of Research, Stavanger University Hospital, 4011 Stavanger, NorwayDepartment of Pathology, Stavanger University Hospital, 4011 Stavanger, NorwayDepartment of Pathology, Stavanger University Hospital, 4011 Stavanger, NorwayA subset of triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) expresses the androgen receptor (AR), but thresholds for AR positivity and its clinical significance vary. We hypothesize that objective assessment outperforms subjective methods, and that high AR negatively impacts prognosis. In a population-based TNBC cohort (<i>n</i> = 198) with long follow-up (4–383 months), AR expression was evaluated via subjective scoring (AR-Manual) and automated digital image analysis (AR-DIA). A 10% cut-off value via AR-DIA was the strongest negative prognostic threshold for distant metastases (<i>p</i> = 0.008). High AR-DIA correlated with lower grade (<i>p</i> = 0.014), and lower proliferation (<i>p</i> = 0.004) but also with larger tumors (<i>p</i> = 0.047), distant metastasis (<i>p</i> = 0.052), and lymph node (LN) positivity (<i>p</i> < 0.001), highlighting its dual roles. Multivariate analysis revealed interaction between LN status and AR-DIA (<i>p</i> < 0.001) as the strongest prognostic factor, followed by fibrotic focus (FF; <i>p</i> = 0.009), mitotic activity index (MAI; <i>p</i> = 0.018), and stromal tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (sTILs; <i>p</i> = 0.041). AR-DIA had no additional prognostic value in favorable subgroups but was significant in unfavorable subgroups. In high AR-DIA patients with unfavorable characteristics, ACT did not improve survival, and patients may benefit from AR-targeted therapy. Overall, the DIA method provides reproducibility, high AR-DIA (≥10%) shows opposing survival effects in different TNBC subgroups, and AR evaluation is crucial for prognosis and AR-targeted therapies.https://www.mdpi.com/2306-5354/12/1/54triple-negative breast neoplasmandrogen receptortumor-infiltrating lymphocytesfibrotic focusbiomarkers |
| spellingShingle | Umay Kiraz Emma Rewcastle Silja K. Fykse Ingrid Lundal Einar G. Gudlaugsson Ivar Skaland Håvard Søiland Jan P. A. Baak Emiel A. M. Janssen Dual Functions of Androgen Receptor Overexpression in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer: A Complex Prognostic Marker Bioengineering triple-negative breast neoplasm androgen receptor tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes fibrotic focus biomarkers |
| title | Dual Functions of Androgen Receptor Overexpression in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer: A Complex Prognostic Marker |
| title_full | Dual Functions of Androgen Receptor Overexpression in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer: A Complex Prognostic Marker |
| title_fullStr | Dual Functions of Androgen Receptor Overexpression in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer: A Complex Prognostic Marker |
| title_full_unstemmed | Dual Functions of Androgen Receptor Overexpression in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer: A Complex Prognostic Marker |
| title_short | Dual Functions of Androgen Receptor Overexpression in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer: A Complex Prognostic Marker |
| title_sort | dual functions of androgen receptor overexpression in triple negative breast cancer a complex prognostic marker |
| topic | triple-negative breast neoplasm androgen receptor tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes fibrotic focus biomarkers |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2306-5354/12/1/54 |
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