Network meta-analysis of cadmium toxicity against Chlorella vulgaris and the role of growth stimulants and macronutrients
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The presence of heavy metals, specifically cadmium, in the environment poses significant threats to both ecological systems and human health. However, microalgae have shown potential in addressing this issue through their ability to absorb cadmium and produce valuable biom...
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2024-10-01
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| author | M. Iqhrammullah S. Saudah M. Monalisa F. Fahrurrozi S.A. Akbar S.S. Lubis |
| author_facet | M. Iqhrammullah S. Saudah M. Monalisa F. Fahrurrozi S.A. Akbar S.S. Lubis |
| author_sort | M. Iqhrammullah |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The presence of heavy metals, specifically cadmium, in the environment poses significant threats to both ecological systems and human health. However, microalgae have shown potential in addressing this issue through their ability to absorb cadmium and produce valuable biomass, making them a promising solution for bioremediation. Among the various microalgae species, Chlorella vulgaris stands out as a suitable candidate due to its potential for biodiesel production and its capacity to effectively absorb cadmium. Therefore, the main objective of this study is to assess the toxicity of cadmium on Chlorella vulgaris cells using network meta-analysis as a methodology.METHODS: A comprehensive search was conducted on Scopus, Scilit, Google Scholar, and Web of Science to identify relevant studies published from 1 January 1990 to 16 January 2024. Only studies that reported the cell number of Chlorella vulgaris as a result of cadmium exposure were considered for inclusion. The collected data were then subjected to Bayesian frequentist network meta-analysis, utilizing standardized mean difference and a 95 percent confidence interval as measures of effect size. Additionally, a linear regression analysis was performed to examine the dose-dependent impact of cadmium toxicity.FINDINGS: Dose-dependent toxic effects of cadmium on Chlorella vulgaris were evident (R-square of more than 0.90), particularly at a concentration of 1 part per million, deemed as the maximum tolerable threshold. Prolonged exposure revealed a concentration-dependent reduction in cell viability, suggesting potential lifespan shortening. A comparison of growth stimulants, gibberellic acid and brassinolide (standard means differences of 1.7 and 3.8, respectively), in mitigating cadmium toxicity indicated the latter superior effectiveness in sustaining microalgal survivability. The presence of high nitrogen and low phosphorous levels was found to be significantly associated with a reduction in Chlorella vulgaris cells due to cadmium exposure.CONCLUSION: This research has provided conclusive proof of the harmful effects of cadmium on Chlorella vulgaris through the implementation of Bayesian frequentist network meta-analysis, offering valuable insights for environmental management practices. The findings reveal concentration-dependent effects of cadmium toxicity. The survivability of Chlorella vulgaris is determined by the compositions of macronutrients nitrogen and phosphorous. Comparative analyses highlight the superior protective effect of brassinolide over gibberellic acid in mitigating cadmium toxicity. Overall, the findings highlight the potential of Chlorella vulgaris in both bioremediation of heavy metals and biomass production. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-20d4a85ee0e64dc78689b61e65037173 |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2383-3572 2383-3866 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2024-10-01 |
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| spelling | doaj-art-20d4a85ee0e64dc78689b61e650371732025-02-03T05:50:50ZengGJESM PublisherGlobal Journal of Environmental Science and Management2383-35722383-38662024-10-011041561157210.22034/gjesm.2024.04.05711507Network meta-analysis of cadmium toxicity against Chlorella vulgaris and the role of growth stimulants and macronutrientsM. Iqhrammullah0S. Saudah1M. Monalisa2F. Fahrurrozi3S.A. Akbar4S.S. Lubis5Research Center for Marine and Land Bioindustry National Research and Innovation Agency, North Lombok 83756, IndonesiaFaculty of Education and Teacher Training, Universitas Serambi Mekkah, Banda Aceh, 23245, IndonesiaDepartment of Agribusiness, Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh 23111, IndonesiaResearch Center for Marine and Land Bioindustry National Research and Innovation Agency, North Lombok 83756, IndonesiaFaculty of Marine and Fisheries, Department of Aquaculture, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh 23111, IndonesiaFaculty of Science and Technology, Biology Departement, Ar-Raniry State Islamic University, Banda Aceh 23111, IndonesiaBACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The presence of heavy metals, specifically cadmium, in the environment poses significant threats to both ecological systems and human health. However, microalgae have shown potential in addressing this issue through their ability to absorb cadmium and produce valuable biomass, making them a promising solution for bioremediation. Among the various microalgae species, Chlorella vulgaris stands out as a suitable candidate due to its potential for biodiesel production and its capacity to effectively absorb cadmium. Therefore, the main objective of this study is to assess the toxicity of cadmium on Chlorella vulgaris cells using network meta-analysis as a methodology.METHODS: A comprehensive search was conducted on Scopus, Scilit, Google Scholar, and Web of Science to identify relevant studies published from 1 January 1990 to 16 January 2024. Only studies that reported the cell number of Chlorella vulgaris as a result of cadmium exposure were considered for inclusion. The collected data were then subjected to Bayesian frequentist network meta-analysis, utilizing standardized mean difference and a 95 percent confidence interval as measures of effect size. Additionally, a linear regression analysis was performed to examine the dose-dependent impact of cadmium toxicity.FINDINGS: Dose-dependent toxic effects of cadmium on Chlorella vulgaris were evident (R-square of more than 0.90), particularly at a concentration of 1 part per million, deemed as the maximum tolerable threshold. Prolonged exposure revealed a concentration-dependent reduction in cell viability, suggesting potential lifespan shortening. A comparison of growth stimulants, gibberellic acid and brassinolide (standard means differences of 1.7 and 3.8, respectively), in mitigating cadmium toxicity indicated the latter superior effectiveness in sustaining microalgal survivability. The presence of high nitrogen and low phosphorous levels was found to be significantly associated with a reduction in Chlorella vulgaris cells due to cadmium exposure.CONCLUSION: This research has provided conclusive proof of the harmful effects of cadmium on Chlorella vulgaris through the implementation of Bayesian frequentist network meta-analysis, offering valuable insights for environmental management practices. The findings reveal concentration-dependent effects of cadmium toxicity. The survivability of Chlorella vulgaris is determined by the compositions of macronutrients nitrogen and phosphorous. Comparative analyses highlight the superior protective effect of brassinolide over gibberellic acid in mitigating cadmium toxicity. Overall, the findings highlight the potential of Chlorella vulgaris in both bioremediation of heavy metals and biomass production.https://www.gjesm.net/article_711507_e72f5817924efd2f2d40d98e1f48153a.pdfbioremediationcadmium chlorella vulgaris growthheavy metals |
| spellingShingle | M. Iqhrammullah S. Saudah M. Monalisa F. Fahrurrozi S.A. Akbar S.S. Lubis Network meta-analysis of cadmium toxicity against Chlorella vulgaris and the role of growth stimulants and macronutrients Global Journal of Environmental Science and Management bioremediation cadmium chlorella vulgaris growth heavy metals |
| title | Network meta-analysis of cadmium toxicity against Chlorella vulgaris and the role of growth stimulants and macronutrients |
| title_full | Network meta-analysis of cadmium toxicity against Chlorella vulgaris and the role of growth stimulants and macronutrients |
| title_fullStr | Network meta-analysis of cadmium toxicity against Chlorella vulgaris and the role of growth stimulants and macronutrients |
| title_full_unstemmed | Network meta-analysis of cadmium toxicity against Chlorella vulgaris and the role of growth stimulants and macronutrients |
| title_short | Network meta-analysis of cadmium toxicity against Chlorella vulgaris and the role of growth stimulants and macronutrients |
| title_sort | network meta analysis of cadmium toxicity against chlorella vulgaris and the role of growth stimulants and macronutrients |
| topic | bioremediation cadmium chlorella vulgaris growth heavy metals |
| url | https://www.gjesm.net/article_711507_e72f5817924efd2f2d40d98e1f48153a.pdf |
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