An Analysis of Temperature-Dependent Timing Jitter Factors in the Structural Design of Complementary Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor Single-Photon Avalanche Detectors
Single-Photon Avalanche Photodiodes (SPADs) are increasingly utilized in high-temperature-operated, high-performance Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) systems as well as in ultra-low-temperature-operated quantum science applications due to their high photon sensitivity and timing resolution. Conse...
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MDPI AG
2025-01-01
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| author | Jau-Yang Wu Yu-Wei Lu Meng-Hsuan Liu Tien-Ning Chang Chun-Hsien Liu |
| author_facet | Jau-Yang Wu Yu-Wei Lu Meng-Hsuan Liu Tien-Ning Chang Chun-Hsien Liu |
| author_sort | Jau-Yang Wu |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Single-Photon Avalanche Photodiodes (SPADs) are increasingly utilized in high-temperature-operated, high-performance Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) systems as well as in ultra-low-temperature-operated quantum science applications due to their high photon sensitivity and timing resolution. Consequently, the jitter value of SPADs at different temperatures plays a crucial role in LiDAR systems and Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) applications. However, limited studies have been conducted on this topic. In this study, we analyze the jitter characteristics of SPAD devices, focusing on the influence of device structures in two SPAD designs fabricated using the TSMC 18HV and TSMC 13HV processes. Using picosecond lasers with wavelengths ranging from ultraviolet (405 nm) to near-infrared (905 nm), we investigate the impact of different diffusion carrier types on jitter values and their temperature dependence across a range of 0 °C to 60 °C. Our results show that the jitter value of SPAD devices with low electric field regions varies significantly with temperature. This variation can be attributed to the higher temperature-dependent diffusion constant, as demonstrated by fitting the jitter diffusion tail with two diffusion time constants. In contrast, SPADs designed with modified electric field distributions exhibit smaller diffusion time constants and weaker temperature dependence, resulting in a much smaller temperature-dependent jitter value. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-1ff9294d69bc4bcbbbd31a33d84b331b |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 1424-8220 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-01-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
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| spelling | doaj-art-1ff9294d69bc4bcbbbd31a33d84b331b2025-01-24T13:48:45ZengMDPI AGSensors1424-82202025-01-0125239110.3390/s25020391An Analysis of Temperature-Dependent Timing Jitter Factors in the Structural Design of Complementary Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor Single-Photon Avalanche DetectorsJau-Yang Wu0Yu-Wei Lu1Meng-Hsuan Liu2Tien-Ning Chang3Chun-Hsien Liu4Department of Electrical Engineering, Yuan Ze University, Taoyuan 32003, TaiwanInstitute of Electronics, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30010, TaiwanInstitute of Electronics, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30010, TaiwanInstitute of Electronics, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30010, TaiwanInstitute of Electronics, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30010, TaiwanSingle-Photon Avalanche Photodiodes (SPADs) are increasingly utilized in high-temperature-operated, high-performance Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) systems as well as in ultra-low-temperature-operated quantum science applications due to their high photon sensitivity and timing resolution. Consequently, the jitter value of SPADs at different temperatures plays a crucial role in LiDAR systems and Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) applications. However, limited studies have been conducted on this topic. In this study, we analyze the jitter characteristics of SPAD devices, focusing on the influence of device structures in two SPAD designs fabricated using the TSMC 18HV and TSMC 13HV processes. Using picosecond lasers with wavelengths ranging from ultraviolet (405 nm) to near-infrared (905 nm), we investigate the impact of different diffusion carrier types on jitter values and their temperature dependence across a range of 0 °C to 60 °C. Our results show that the jitter value of SPAD devices with low electric field regions varies significantly with temperature. This variation can be attributed to the higher temperature-dependent diffusion constant, as demonstrated by fitting the jitter diffusion tail with two diffusion time constants. In contrast, SPADs designed with modified electric field distributions exhibit smaller diffusion time constants and weaker temperature dependence, resulting in a much smaller temperature-dependent jitter value.https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/25/2/391CMOS SPADjitterLiDAR |
| spellingShingle | Jau-Yang Wu Yu-Wei Lu Meng-Hsuan Liu Tien-Ning Chang Chun-Hsien Liu An Analysis of Temperature-Dependent Timing Jitter Factors in the Structural Design of Complementary Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor Single-Photon Avalanche Detectors Sensors CMOS SPAD jitter LiDAR |
| title | An Analysis of Temperature-Dependent Timing Jitter Factors in the Structural Design of Complementary Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor Single-Photon Avalanche Detectors |
| title_full | An Analysis of Temperature-Dependent Timing Jitter Factors in the Structural Design of Complementary Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor Single-Photon Avalanche Detectors |
| title_fullStr | An Analysis of Temperature-Dependent Timing Jitter Factors in the Structural Design of Complementary Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor Single-Photon Avalanche Detectors |
| title_full_unstemmed | An Analysis of Temperature-Dependent Timing Jitter Factors in the Structural Design of Complementary Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor Single-Photon Avalanche Detectors |
| title_short | An Analysis of Temperature-Dependent Timing Jitter Factors in the Structural Design of Complementary Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor Single-Photon Avalanche Detectors |
| title_sort | analysis of temperature dependent timing jitter factors in the structural design of complementary metal oxide semiconductor single photon avalanche detectors |
| topic | CMOS SPAD jitter LiDAR |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/25/2/391 |
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