Pan-cancer and experimental analyses reveal the immunotherapeutic significance of CST2 and its association with stomach adenocarcinoma proliferation and metastasis
PurposeCystatin 2 (CST2) is a cysteine protease inhibitor, and recent research suggests its potential involvement in cancer development. However, its role in the occurrence, progression, and prognosis of pan-cancer has not been systematically investigated.Materials and methodsThis study comprehensiv...
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Frontiers Media S.A.
2025-01-01
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| Series: | Frontiers in Immunology |
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| Online Access: | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2024.1466806/full |
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| author | Dan Huang Jing Li Zhijun He Wenjing Liang Likun Zhong Jun Huang Yinteng Wu Shijian Zhao |
| author_facet | Dan Huang Jing Li Zhijun He Wenjing Liang Likun Zhong Jun Huang Yinteng Wu Shijian Zhao |
| author_sort | Dan Huang |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | PurposeCystatin 2 (CST2) is a cysteine protease inhibitor, and recent research suggests its potential involvement in cancer development. However, its role in the occurrence, progression, and prognosis of pan-cancer has not been systematically investigated.Materials and methodsThis study comprehensively analyzes the differential expression of CST2 in pan-cancer. The expression distribution patterns of CST2 were examined using single-cell datasets. Furthermore, we conducted a comprehensive evaluation of the correlation between CST2 expression and various factors. These factors include prognosis, immune cell infiltration, immune-related genes, mutations, methylation, tumor mutation burden (TMB), and microsatellite instability (MSI). In addition, we analyzed the sensitivity of drugs dependent on CST2 expression. We utilized gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) analysis to explore the biological functions of CST2 across different cancer types. Finally, in gastric cancer cell lines, we will investigate the impact of CST2 knockout on expression levels, clonal proliferation, cell apoptosis, and cell migration.ResultsCST2 exhibits abnormal overexpression in multiple tumors. Single-cell analysis reveals high expression of CST2 in fibroblasts. CST2 is closely associated with prognosis, immune cell infiltration, immune-related genes, mutations, methylation, TMB, and MSI. Enrichment analysis demonstrated a significant correlation between CST2 and immune-related pathways. In stomach adenocarcinoma (STAD), CST2-related risk models are associated with prognosis and demonstrate strong predictive capabilities, while also being closely linked to the immune microenvironment. Drug sensitivity analysis indicates the correlation between CST2 and 21 chemotherapy drugs. Finally, experimental validation revealed significantly elevated expression of CST2 in STAD, indicating its role as a driver gene in regulating malignant cell proliferation and migration.ConclusionCST2 serves as a potential tumor immune biomarker, playing a critical facilitating role in the proliferation and migration processes of STAD. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-1e574a9b3b8d4f79b1e2a219b4d6446b |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 1664-3224 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-01-01 |
| publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Frontiers in Immunology |
| spelling | doaj-art-1e574a9b3b8d4f79b1e2a219b4d6446b2025-01-24T07:13:50ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Immunology1664-32242025-01-011510.3389/fimmu.2024.14668061466806Pan-cancer and experimental analyses reveal the immunotherapeutic significance of CST2 and its association with stomach adenocarcinoma proliferation and metastasisDan Huang0Jing Li1Zhijun He2Wenjing Liang3Likun Zhong4Jun Huang5Yinteng Wu6Shijian Zhao7Department of Gastroenterology, The People’s Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region (Guangxi Academy of Medical Sciences), Nanning, Guangxi, ChinaDepartment of Gastroenterology, The People’s Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region (Guangxi Academy of Medical Sciences), Nanning, Guangxi, ChinaDepartment of Gastroenterology, The People’s Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region (Guangxi Academy of Medical Sciences), Nanning, Guangxi, ChinaDepartment of Gastroenterology, The People’s Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region (Guangxi Academy of Medical Sciences), Nanning, Guangxi, ChinaDepartment of Gastroenterology, The People’s Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region (Guangxi Academy of Medical Sciences), Nanning, Guangxi, ChinaDepartment of Gastroenterology, The People’s Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region (Guangxi Academy of Medical Sciences), Nanning, Guangxi, ChinaDepartment of Orthopedic and Trauma Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, ChinaDepartment of Cardiology, The Affiliated Cardiovascular Hospital of Kunming Medical University (Fuwai Yunnan Cardiovascular Hospital), Kunming, Yunnan, ChinaPurposeCystatin 2 (CST2) is a cysteine protease inhibitor, and recent research suggests its potential involvement in cancer development. However, its role in the occurrence, progression, and prognosis of pan-cancer has not been systematically investigated.Materials and methodsThis study comprehensively analyzes the differential expression of CST2 in pan-cancer. The expression distribution patterns of CST2 were examined using single-cell datasets. Furthermore, we conducted a comprehensive evaluation of the correlation between CST2 expression and various factors. These factors include prognosis, immune cell infiltration, immune-related genes, mutations, methylation, tumor mutation burden (TMB), and microsatellite instability (MSI). In addition, we analyzed the sensitivity of drugs dependent on CST2 expression. We utilized gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) analysis to explore the biological functions of CST2 across different cancer types. Finally, in gastric cancer cell lines, we will investigate the impact of CST2 knockout on expression levels, clonal proliferation, cell apoptosis, and cell migration.ResultsCST2 exhibits abnormal overexpression in multiple tumors. Single-cell analysis reveals high expression of CST2 in fibroblasts. CST2 is closely associated with prognosis, immune cell infiltration, immune-related genes, mutations, methylation, TMB, and MSI. Enrichment analysis demonstrated a significant correlation between CST2 and immune-related pathways. In stomach adenocarcinoma (STAD), CST2-related risk models are associated with prognosis and demonstrate strong predictive capabilities, while also being closely linked to the immune microenvironment. Drug sensitivity analysis indicates the correlation between CST2 and 21 chemotherapy drugs. Finally, experimental validation revealed significantly elevated expression of CST2 in STAD, indicating its role as a driver gene in regulating malignant cell proliferation and migration.ConclusionCST2 serves as a potential tumor immune biomarker, playing a critical facilitating role in the proliferation and migration processes of STAD.https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2024.1466806/fullcystatin 2 (CST2)pan-cancerstomach adenocarcinoma (STAD)the tumor microenvironment (TME)immunotherapysingle-cell |
| spellingShingle | Dan Huang Jing Li Zhijun He Wenjing Liang Likun Zhong Jun Huang Yinteng Wu Shijian Zhao Pan-cancer and experimental analyses reveal the immunotherapeutic significance of CST2 and its association with stomach adenocarcinoma proliferation and metastasis Frontiers in Immunology cystatin 2 (CST2) pan-cancer stomach adenocarcinoma (STAD) the tumor microenvironment (TME) immunotherapy single-cell |
| title | Pan-cancer and experimental analyses reveal the immunotherapeutic significance of CST2 and its association with stomach adenocarcinoma proliferation and metastasis |
| title_full | Pan-cancer and experimental analyses reveal the immunotherapeutic significance of CST2 and its association with stomach adenocarcinoma proliferation and metastasis |
| title_fullStr | Pan-cancer and experimental analyses reveal the immunotherapeutic significance of CST2 and its association with stomach adenocarcinoma proliferation and metastasis |
| title_full_unstemmed | Pan-cancer and experimental analyses reveal the immunotherapeutic significance of CST2 and its association with stomach adenocarcinoma proliferation and metastasis |
| title_short | Pan-cancer and experimental analyses reveal the immunotherapeutic significance of CST2 and its association with stomach adenocarcinoma proliferation and metastasis |
| title_sort | pan cancer and experimental analyses reveal the immunotherapeutic significance of cst2 and its association with stomach adenocarcinoma proliferation and metastasis |
| topic | cystatin 2 (CST2) pan-cancer stomach adenocarcinoma (STAD) the tumor microenvironment (TME) immunotherapy single-cell |
| url | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2024.1466806/full |
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