Influence of <i>Apis mellifera syriaca</i> Bee Venom on Nociception and Inflammatory Cytokine Profiles in Experimental Hyperalgesia
Hyperalgesia is a condition marked by an abnormal increase in pain sensitivity, often occurring in response to tissue injury, inflammation, or prolonged exposure to certain medications. Inflammatory mediators, such as cytokines IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α, play a central role in this process, amplifying...
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2025-01-01
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| author | Mohamad Ayoub Salma Fayjaloun Rabih Roufayel Dany El Obeid Ziad Fajloun Mohamad Rima Marc Karam |
| author_facet | Mohamad Ayoub Salma Fayjaloun Rabih Roufayel Dany El Obeid Ziad Fajloun Mohamad Rima Marc Karam |
| author_sort | Mohamad Ayoub |
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| description | Hyperalgesia is a condition marked by an abnormal increase in pain sensitivity, often occurring in response to tissue injury, inflammation, or prolonged exposure to certain medications. Inflammatory mediators, such as cytokines IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α, play a central role in this process, amplifying pain perception. Developing effective treatments that address the underlying mechanisms of hyperalgesia is an active field of research. <i>Apis mellifera syriaca</i> venom demonstrated potential immunomodulatory activity associated with cytokine release in vivo. Therefore, the aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of <i>Apis mellifera syriaca</i> bee venom (<i>Ams</i>BV) on pain sensitivity in a formalin-induced hyperalgesia mice model and to evaluate the potential role of cytokines associated with the nociception of pain. The hotplate test, used to measure pain latency, showed that hypersensitivity to pain was induced in formalin-injected male mice only, with no changes in females, suggesting a sex-based response to formalin. When applied, <i>Ams</i>BV reduced pain sensitivity in males, suggesting pain relief potential. At the molecular level, <i>Ams</i>BV was able to reduce pro-inflammatory interleukin IL-4 and cytokine IFN-γ, emphasizing its immunomodulatory potential. Interestingly, the venom restored anti-inflammatory IL-10 levels that were significantly decreased in hyperalgesia males. Together, these findings highlight the therapeutic potential for <i>Ams</i>BV in managing inflammation and reducing pain, particularly hyperalgesia. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-1ca4d6f0e69c4ce0976836f1366343fd |
| institution | Kabale University |
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| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-01-01 |
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| series | Toxins |
| spelling | doaj-art-1ca4d6f0e69c4ce0976836f1366343fd2025-01-24T13:51:12ZengMDPI AGToxins2072-66512025-01-011711810.3390/toxins17010018Influence of <i>Apis mellifera syriaca</i> Bee Venom on Nociception and Inflammatory Cytokine Profiles in Experimental HyperalgesiaMohamad Ayoub0Salma Fayjaloun1Rabih Roufayel2Dany El Obeid3Ziad Fajloun4Mohamad Rima5Marc Karam6Faculty of Sciences, University of Balamand, Al-Kourah, P.O. Box 100, Tripoli 1300, LebanonDepartment of Cell Culture, Laboratory of Applied Biotechnology (LBA3B), Azm Center for Research in Biotechnology and Its Applications, EDST, Lebanese University, Tripoli 1300, LebanonCollege of Engineering and Technology, American University of the Middle East, Egaila 54200, KuwaitFaculty of Agriculture & Veterinary Sciences, Lebanese University, Dekwaneh, Beirut 2832, LebanonDepartment of Cell Culture, Laboratory of Applied Biotechnology (LBA3B), Azm Center for Research in Biotechnology and Its Applications, EDST, Lebanese University, Tripoli 1300, LebanonDepartment of Natural Sciences, Lebanese American University, Byblos P.O. Box 36, LebanonFaculty of Sciences, University of Balamand, Al-Kourah, P.O. Box 100, Tripoli 1300, LebanonHyperalgesia is a condition marked by an abnormal increase in pain sensitivity, often occurring in response to tissue injury, inflammation, or prolonged exposure to certain medications. Inflammatory mediators, such as cytokines IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α, play a central role in this process, amplifying pain perception. Developing effective treatments that address the underlying mechanisms of hyperalgesia is an active field of research. <i>Apis mellifera syriaca</i> venom demonstrated potential immunomodulatory activity associated with cytokine release in vivo. Therefore, the aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of <i>Apis mellifera syriaca</i> bee venom (<i>Ams</i>BV) on pain sensitivity in a formalin-induced hyperalgesia mice model and to evaluate the potential role of cytokines associated with the nociception of pain. The hotplate test, used to measure pain latency, showed that hypersensitivity to pain was induced in formalin-injected male mice only, with no changes in females, suggesting a sex-based response to formalin. When applied, <i>Ams</i>BV reduced pain sensitivity in males, suggesting pain relief potential. At the molecular level, <i>Ams</i>BV was able to reduce pro-inflammatory interleukin IL-4 and cytokine IFN-γ, emphasizing its immunomodulatory potential. Interestingly, the venom restored anti-inflammatory IL-10 levels that were significantly decreased in hyperalgesia males. Together, these findings highlight the therapeutic potential for <i>Ams</i>BV in managing inflammation and reducing pain, particularly hyperalgesia.https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6651/17/1/18<i>A. mellifera syriaca</i>bee venomhyperalgesiainflammationimmunomodulatory activitycytokines |
| spellingShingle | Mohamad Ayoub Salma Fayjaloun Rabih Roufayel Dany El Obeid Ziad Fajloun Mohamad Rima Marc Karam Influence of <i>Apis mellifera syriaca</i> Bee Venom on Nociception and Inflammatory Cytokine Profiles in Experimental Hyperalgesia Toxins <i>A. mellifera syriaca</i> bee venom hyperalgesia inflammation immunomodulatory activity cytokines |
| title | Influence of <i>Apis mellifera syriaca</i> Bee Venom on Nociception and Inflammatory Cytokine Profiles in Experimental Hyperalgesia |
| title_full | Influence of <i>Apis mellifera syriaca</i> Bee Venom on Nociception and Inflammatory Cytokine Profiles in Experimental Hyperalgesia |
| title_fullStr | Influence of <i>Apis mellifera syriaca</i> Bee Venom on Nociception and Inflammatory Cytokine Profiles in Experimental Hyperalgesia |
| title_full_unstemmed | Influence of <i>Apis mellifera syriaca</i> Bee Venom on Nociception and Inflammatory Cytokine Profiles in Experimental Hyperalgesia |
| title_short | Influence of <i>Apis mellifera syriaca</i> Bee Venom on Nociception and Inflammatory Cytokine Profiles in Experimental Hyperalgesia |
| title_sort | influence of i apis mellifera syriaca i bee venom on nociception and inflammatory cytokine profiles in experimental hyperalgesia |
| topic | <i>A. mellifera syriaca</i> bee venom hyperalgesia inflammation immunomodulatory activity cytokines |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6651/17/1/18 |
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