A 1-Year Sediment Trap Study on the Downward Flux of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons by Settling Particulate Matter in Deep Basins of the Aegean and Ionian Seas, Northeastern Mediterranean
This study investigates the composition, abundance, and vertical export of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) across three deep basins of the northeastern Mediterranean Sea (NEMS) over one year. Sinking particles were collected using sediment traps, and PAH analysis was conducted via gas chroma...
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MDPI AG
2024-12-01
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| Series: | Journal of Marine Science and Engineering |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2077-1312/13/1/47 |
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| author | Ester Skylaki Constantine Parinos Maria Tsagkaraki Ioannis Hatzianestis Anastasia Christidi Elisavet Skampa Ioanna Nikolopoulou Georgia Kambouri Ioanna Stavrakaki Dimitris Velaoras Giorgos Kouvarakis Maria V. Triantaphyllou Maria Kanakidou Nikolaos Mihalopoulos Alexandra Gogou |
| author_facet | Ester Skylaki Constantine Parinos Maria Tsagkaraki Ioannis Hatzianestis Anastasia Christidi Elisavet Skampa Ioanna Nikolopoulou Georgia Kambouri Ioanna Stavrakaki Dimitris Velaoras Giorgos Kouvarakis Maria V. Triantaphyllou Maria Kanakidou Nikolaos Mihalopoulos Alexandra Gogou |
| author_sort | Ester Skylaki |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | This study investigates the composition, abundance, and vertical export of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) across three deep basins of the northeastern Mediterranean Sea (NEMS) over one year. Sinking particles were collected using sediment traps, and PAH analysis was conducted via gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. PAH fluxes varied significantly, peaking in the north Aegean Sea due to mesotrophic conditions, nutrient-rich riverine and Black Sea water inflows, and maritime anthropogenic inputs. The fluxes were highest in winter and lowest in fall. In the Cretan Sea, petrogenic sources (~70%) dominated, driven by currents, with fluxes highest in spring and lowest in winter. The Ionian Sea exhibited lower fluxes, peaking in summer and decreasing in fall. Atmospheric deposition seems to be the main transport pathway of pyrolytic PAHs in this site, while its high-water column depth (4300 m) compared to the other sites presumably enables extended degradation of organic constituents during particle settling. The positive matrix factorization (PMF) and principal component analysis (PCA) results reveal complementary insights into PAH sources and transport mechanisms. PMF analysis identified combustion (61%) and petrogenic (22%) sources, while PCA highlighted biogenic fluxes (57.7%) and atmospheric deposition. Seasonal productivity, riverine inputs, and water circulation shaped PAH variability, linking combustion-related PAHs to atmospheric soot and petrogenic PAHs to organic-rich particles. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-1c6fd40326124f3da030a28b84f3a8fd |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2077-1312 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2024-12-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Journal of Marine Science and Engineering |
| spelling | doaj-art-1c6fd40326124f3da030a28b84f3a8fd2025-01-24T13:36:40ZengMDPI AGJournal of Marine Science and Engineering2077-13122024-12-011314710.3390/jmse13010047A 1-Year Sediment Trap Study on the Downward Flux of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons by Settling Particulate Matter in Deep Basins of the Aegean and Ionian Seas, Northeastern MediterraneanEster Skylaki0Constantine Parinos1Maria Tsagkaraki2Ioannis Hatzianestis3Anastasia Christidi4Elisavet Skampa5Ioanna Nikolopoulou6Georgia Kambouri7Ioanna Stavrakaki8Dimitris Velaoras9Giorgos Kouvarakis10Maria V. Triantaphyllou11Maria Kanakidou12Nikolaos Mihalopoulos13Alexandra Gogou14Institute of Oceanography, Hellenic Centre for Marine Research (HCMR), 46.7 km Athens-Sounion Av., 19013 Anavyssos, GreeceInstitute of Oceanography, Hellenic Centre for Marine Research (HCMR), 46.7 km Athens-Sounion Av., 19013 Anavyssos, GreeceEnvironmental Chemical Processes Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, GreeceInstitute of Oceanography, Hellenic Centre for Marine Research (HCMR), 46.7 km Athens-Sounion Av., 19013 Anavyssos, GreeceInstitute of Oceanography, Hellenic Centre for Marine Research (HCMR), 46.7 km Athens-Sounion Av., 19013 Anavyssos, GreeceFaculty of Geology and Geoenvironment, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimioupolis, 15784 Athens, GreeceInstitute of Oceanography, Hellenic Centre for Marine Research (HCMR), 46.7 km Athens-Sounion Av., 19013 Anavyssos, GreeceInstitute of Oceanography, Hellenic Centre for Marine Research (HCMR), 46.7 km Athens-Sounion Av., 19013 Anavyssos, GreeceInstitute of Oceanography, Hellenic Centre for Marine Research (HCMR), 46.7 km Athens-Sounion Av., 19013 Anavyssos, GreeceInstitute of Oceanography, Hellenic Centre for Marine Research (HCMR), 46.7 km Athens-Sounion Av., 19013 Anavyssos, GreeceEnvironmental Chemical Processes Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, GreeceFaculty of Geology and Geoenvironment, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimioupolis, 15784 Athens, GreeceEnvironmental Chemical Processes Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, GreeceEnvironmental Chemical Processes Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, GreeceInstitute of Oceanography, Hellenic Centre for Marine Research (HCMR), 46.7 km Athens-Sounion Av., 19013 Anavyssos, GreeceThis study investigates the composition, abundance, and vertical export of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) across three deep basins of the northeastern Mediterranean Sea (NEMS) over one year. Sinking particles were collected using sediment traps, and PAH analysis was conducted via gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. PAH fluxes varied significantly, peaking in the north Aegean Sea due to mesotrophic conditions, nutrient-rich riverine and Black Sea water inflows, and maritime anthropogenic inputs. The fluxes were highest in winter and lowest in fall. In the Cretan Sea, petrogenic sources (~70%) dominated, driven by currents, with fluxes highest in spring and lowest in winter. The Ionian Sea exhibited lower fluxes, peaking in summer and decreasing in fall. Atmospheric deposition seems to be the main transport pathway of pyrolytic PAHs in this site, while its high-water column depth (4300 m) compared to the other sites presumably enables extended degradation of organic constituents during particle settling. The positive matrix factorization (PMF) and principal component analysis (PCA) results reveal complementary insights into PAH sources and transport mechanisms. PMF analysis identified combustion (61%) and petrogenic (22%) sources, while PCA highlighted biogenic fluxes (57.7%) and atmospheric deposition. Seasonal productivity, riverine inputs, and water circulation shaped PAH variability, linking combustion-related PAHs to atmospheric soot and petrogenic PAHs to organic-rich particles.https://www.mdpi.com/2077-1312/13/1/47PAHpersistent organic pollutantstime seriessettling particulate matter |
| spellingShingle | Ester Skylaki Constantine Parinos Maria Tsagkaraki Ioannis Hatzianestis Anastasia Christidi Elisavet Skampa Ioanna Nikolopoulou Georgia Kambouri Ioanna Stavrakaki Dimitris Velaoras Giorgos Kouvarakis Maria V. Triantaphyllou Maria Kanakidou Nikolaos Mihalopoulos Alexandra Gogou A 1-Year Sediment Trap Study on the Downward Flux of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons by Settling Particulate Matter in Deep Basins of the Aegean and Ionian Seas, Northeastern Mediterranean Journal of Marine Science and Engineering PAH persistent organic pollutants time series settling particulate matter |
| title | A 1-Year Sediment Trap Study on the Downward Flux of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons by Settling Particulate Matter in Deep Basins of the Aegean and Ionian Seas, Northeastern Mediterranean |
| title_full | A 1-Year Sediment Trap Study on the Downward Flux of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons by Settling Particulate Matter in Deep Basins of the Aegean and Ionian Seas, Northeastern Mediterranean |
| title_fullStr | A 1-Year Sediment Trap Study on the Downward Flux of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons by Settling Particulate Matter in Deep Basins of the Aegean and Ionian Seas, Northeastern Mediterranean |
| title_full_unstemmed | A 1-Year Sediment Trap Study on the Downward Flux of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons by Settling Particulate Matter in Deep Basins of the Aegean and Ionian Seas, Northeastern Mediterranean |
| title_short | A 1-Year Sediment Trap Study on the Downward Flux of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons by Settling Particulate Matter in Deep Basins of the Aegean and Ionian Seas, Northeastern Mediterranean |
| title_sort | 1 year sediment trap study on the downward flux of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by settling particulate matter in deep basins of the aegean and ionian seas northeastern mediterranean |
| topic | PAH persistent organic pollutants time series settling particulate matter |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2077-1312/13/1/47 |
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