Antibacterial Activity of Venom from the Puff Adder (Bitis arietans), Egyptian Cobra (Naja haje), and Red Spitting Cobra (Naja pallida)
Bitis arietans (Puff adder), Naja haje (Egyptian cobra), and Naja pallida (Red spitting cobra) venoms were tested for antimicrobial activity. This evaluation employed disc diffusion and microbroth dilution techniques. Gram-positive bacteria (Bacillus cereus and Staphylococcus aureus) and Gram-negati...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Wiley
2023-01-01
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| Series: | International Journal of Microbiology |
| Online Access: | http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2023/7924853 |
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| author | Mitchel Otieno Okumu Kennedy Lojau Eyaan Luke Kipkorir Bett Nduhiu Gitahi |
| author_facet | Mitchel Otieno Okumu Kennedy Lojau Eyaan Luke Kipkorir Bett Nduhiu Gitahi |
| author_sort | Mitchel Otieno Okumu |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Bitis arietans (Puff adder), Naja haje (Egyptian cobra), and Naja pallida (Red spitting cobra) venoms were tested for antimicrobial activity. This evaluation employed disc diffusion and microbroth dilution techniques. Gram-positive bacteria (Bacillus cereus and Staphylococcus aureus) and Gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumonia, and Salmonella typhi) were used. Aztreonam (30 µg), cefpodoxime (10 µg), cefoxitine (30 µg), streptomycin (25 µg), ceftriaxone (30 µg), nalidixic acid (30 µg), tetracycline (30 µg), and sulfamethoxazole (25 µg) were used as controls. All tests were conducted in triplicate (n = 3). Results. The activity of B. arietans venom against Gram-negative bacteria was significantly lower (p<0.001) than that of controls. The efficacy of B. arietans venom and sulfamethoxazole against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria was not significantly different (p>0.9999). The efficacy of B. arietans venom against Gram-positive bacteria was significantly lower (p<0.001) than cefoxitin, streptomycin, and tetracycline. The efficacy of N. haje venom against Gram-negative bacteria was significantly lower (p<0.001) than that of controls. There was no significant difference in the antimicrobial efficacy of N. haje venom and controls against Gram-positive bacteria (p=0.3927 to p=0.9998). There was no significant difference in the efficacy of N. pallida venom and controls against Gram-negative bacteria (p=0.3061 to p=0.9981). There was no significant difference in the efficacy of N. pallida venom and controls against Gram-positive bacteria (p=0.2368 to p>0.9999). Conclusions. Of all the tested venoms, only Naja pallida venom showed good efficacy against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-1b8df3b61ef4482abd82d56f3bccebd9 |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 1687-9198 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2023-01-01 |
| publisher | Wiley |
| record_format | Article |
| series | International Journal of Microbiology |
| spelling | doaj-art-1b8df3b61ef4482abd82d56f3bccebd92025-02-03T06:47:31ZengWileyInternational Journal of Microbiology1687-91982023-01-01202310.1155/2023/7924853Antibacterial Activity of Venom from the Puff Adder (Bitis arietans), Egyptian Cobra (Naja haje), and Red Spitting Cobra (Naja pallida)Mitchel Otieno Okumu0Kennedy Lojau Eyaan1Luke Kipkorir Bett2Nduhiu Gitahi3Department of Public HealthDepartment of Public HealthDepartment of Public HealthDepartment of Public HealthBitis arietans (Puff adder), Naja haje (Egyptian cobra), and Naja pallida (Red spitting cobra) venoms were tested for antimicrobial activity. This evaluation employed disc diffusion and microbroth dilution techniques. Gram-positive bacteria (Bacillus cereus and Staphylococcus aureus) and Gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumonia, and Salmonella typhi) were used. Aztreonam (30 µg), cefpodoxime (10 µg), cefoxitine (30 µg), streptomycin (25 µg), ceftriaxone (30 µg), nalidixic acid (30 µg), tetracycline (30 µg), and sulfamethoxazole (25 µg) were used as controls. All tests were conducted in triplicate (n = 3). Results. The activity of B. arietans venom against Gram-negative bacteria was significantly lower (p<0.001) than that of controls. The efficacy of B. arietans venom and sulfamethoxazole against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria was not significantly different (p>0.9999). The efficacy of B. arietans venom against Gram-positive bacteria was significantly lower (p<0.001) than cefoxitin, streptomycin, and tetracycline. The efficacy of N. haje venom against Gram-negative bacteria was significantly lower (p<0.001) than that of controls. There was no significant difference in the antimicrobial efficacy of N. haje venom and controls against Gram-positive bacteria (p=0.3927 to p=0.9998). There was no significant difference in the efficacy of N. pallida venom and controls against Gram-negative bacteria (p=0.3061 to p=0.9981). There was no significant difference in the efficacy of N. pallida venom and controls against Gram-positive bacteria (p=0.2368 to p>0.9999). Conclusions. Of all the tested venoms, only Naja pallida venom showed good efficacy against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2023/7924853 |
| spellingShingle | Mitchel Otieno Okumu Kennedy Lojau Eyaan Luke Kipkorir Bett Nduhiu Gitahi Antibacterial Activity of Venom from the Puff Adder (Bitis arietans), Egyptian Cobra (Naja haje), and Red Spitting Cobra (Naja pallida) International Journal of Microbiology |
| title | Antibacterial Activity of Venom from the Puff Adder (Bitis arietans), Egyptian Cobra (Naja haje), and Red Spitting Cobra (Naja pallida) |
| title_full | Antibacterial Activity of Venom from the Puff Adder (Bitis arietans), Egyptian Cobra (Naja haje), and Red Spitting Cobra (Naja pallida) |
| title_fullStr | Antibacterial Activity of Venom from the Puff Adder (Bitis arietans), Egyptian Cobra (Naja haje), and Red Spitting Cobra (Naja pallida) |
| title_full_unstemmed | Antibacterial Activity of Venom from the Puff Adder (Bitis arietans), Egyptian Cobra (Naja haje), and Red Spitting Cobra (Naja pallida) |
| title_short | Antibacterial Activity of Venom from the Puff Adder (Bitis arietans), Egyptian Cobra (Naja haje), and Red Spitting Cobra (Naja pallida) |
| title_sort | antibacterial activity of venom from the puff adder bitis arietans egyptian cobra naja haje and red spitting cobra naja pallida |
| url | http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2023/7924853 |
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