Cues of Trained Immunity in Multiple Sclerosis Macrophages

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a complex autoimmune disease with both genetic and environmental influences, yet its underlying mechanisms remain only partially understood. In this review, we compile evidence suggesting that trained immunity—a form of innate immune memory—may play a crucial role in the a...

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Main Authors: Elisa Popa, Hélène Cheval, Violetta Zujovic
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: MDPI AG 2025-07-01
Series:Cells
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Online Access:https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4409/14/14/1054
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author Elisa Popa
Hélène Cheval
Violetta Zujovic
author_facet Elisa Popa
Hélène Cheval
Violetta Zujovic
author_sort Elisa Popa
collection DOAJ
description Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a complex autoimmune disease with both genetic and environmental influences, yet its underlying mechanisms remain only partially understood. In this review, we compile evidence suggesting that trained immunity—a form of innate immune memory—may play a crucial role in the autoimmune component of MS. By examining key findings from immunology, neuroinflammation, and MS pathophysiology, we explore how innate immune cells, particularly monocytes and macrophages, could contribute to disease onset and progression through persistent pro-inflammatory responses. Understanding the impact of trained immunity in MS could open new avenues for therapeutic strategies targeting the innate immune system.
format Article
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institution Kabale University
issn 2073-4409
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publishDate 2025-07-01
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series Cells
spelling doaj-art-1b15e434a67a4dfa941f3208b7b7da7d2025-08-20T03:36:17ZengMDPI AGCells2073-44092025-07-011414105410.3390/cells14141054Cues of Trained Immunity in Multiple Sclerosis MacrophagesElisa Popa0Hélène Cheval1Violetta Zujovic2Institut du Cerveau—Paris Brain Institute—ICM, Inserm, CNRS, APHP, Hôpital Pitié Salpêtrière University Hospital, Sorbonne Université, DMU Neuroscience 6, Paris, FranceInstitut du Cerveau—Paris Brain Institute—ICM, Inserm, CNRS, APHP, Hôpital Pitié Salpêtrière University Hospital, Sorbonne Université, DMU Neuroscience 6, Paris, FranceInstitut du Cerveau—Paris Brain Institute—ICM, Inserm, CNRS, APHP, Hôpital Pitié Salpêtrière University Hospital, Sorbonne Université, DMU Neuroscience 6, Paris, FranceMultiple sclerosis (MS) is a complex autoimmune disease with both genetic and environmental influences, yet its underlying mechanisms remain only partially understood. In this review, we compile evidence suggesting that trained immunity—a form of innate immune memory—may play a crucial role in the autoimmune component of MS. By examining key findings from immunology, neuroinflammation, and MS pathophysiology, we explore how innate immune cells, particularly monocytes and macrophages, could contribute to disease onset and progression through persistent pro-inflammatory responses. Understanding the impact of trained immunity in MS could open new avenues for therapeutic strategies targeting the innate immune system.https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4409/14/14/1054multiple sclerosismacrophagestrained immunitymetabolismepigeneticinflammation
spellingShingle Elisa Popa
Hélène Cheval
Violetta Zujovic
Cues of Trained Immunity in Multiple Sclerosis Macrophages
Cells
multiple sclerosis
macrophages
trained immunity
metabolism
epigenetic
inflammation
title Cues of Trained Immunity in Multiple Sclerosis Macrophages
title_full Cues of Trained Immunity in Multiple Sclerosis Macrophages
title_fullStr Cues of Trained Immunity in Multiple Sclerosis Macrophages
title_full_unstemmed Cues of Trained Immunity in Multiple Sclerosis Macrophages
title_short Cues of Trained Immunity in Multiple Sclerosis Macrophages
title_sort cues of trained immunity in multiple sclerosis macrophages
topic multiple sclerosis
macrophages
trained immunity
metabolism
epigenetic
inflammation
url https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4409/14/14/1054
work_keys_str_mv AT elisapopa cuesoftrainedimmunityinmultiplesclerosismacrophages
AT helenecheval cuesoftrainedimmunityinmultiplesclerosismacrophages
AT violettazujovic cuesoftrainedimmunityinmultiplesclerosismacrophages