Development of a Circular Nutrient Solution Management System Using a Cost Function
In this study, an ion monitoring system using ion-selective electrodes (ISEs) was developed to maintain nutrient solutions in closed-loop hydroponic systems within plant factories. Based on this monitoring system, an algorithm and individual ion supplementation system were developed to calculate the...
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MDPI AG
2024-12-01
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| Series: | Agronomy |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4395/15/1/51 |
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| author | Yeong-Hyeon Shin Insu Kim Myongkyoon Yang Young-Kyun Jang Ronaldo B. Saludes Hak-Jin Kim Woo-Jae Cho |
| author_facet | Yeong-Hyeon Shin Insu Kim Myongkyoon Yang Young-Kyun Jang Ronaldo B. Saludes Hak-Jin Kim Woo-Jae Cho |
| author_sort | Yeong-Hyeon Shin |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | In this study, an ion monitoring system using ion-selective electrodes (ISEs) was developed to maintain nutrient solutions in closed-loop hydroponic systems within plant factories. Based on this monitoring system, an algorithm and individual ion supplementation system were developed to calculate the optimal amounts of ion replenishment for crop growth. The developed algorithms adopt distinct cost functions to achieve their respective goals. The ion balance-prioritized algorithm minimizes the cost function, which is defined as the sum of the squared differences between the target ion concentrations and the calculated ion concentrations. In contrast, the carbon emission reduction algorithm minimizes the cost function defined as the total carbon emissions, which are calculated by multiplying the individual salt supplementation amounts by their respective carbon emission coefficients. Simulation results demonstrated that the ion balance-prioritized algorithm achieved average errors of 5.5 ± 5.5%, 0.4 ± 0.5%, and 5.0 ± 11.2% for Ca, NO<sub>3</sub>, and K, respectively, showing superior performance in maintaining ion balance. Meanwhile, the carbon emission reduction algorithm achieved a total of 0.064 kg CO<sub>2</sub>, representing a 50.19% reduction compared to the ion balance-prioritized type. The developed algorithms and system are expected to reduce costs by minimizing nutrient and water usage through the recycling of waste nutrient solutions. Furthermore, they are anticipated to improve crop productivity by maintaining an optimal ion composition and to contribute to sustainable agriculture through carbon emission reduction. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-1a9bb802b8b94f4cb6943be5949150e6 |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2073-4395 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2024-12-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
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| series | Agronomy |
| spelling | doaj-art-1a9bb802b8b94f4cb6943be5949150e62025-01-24T13:16:30ZengMDPI AGAgronomy2073-43952024-12-011515110.3390/agronomy15010051Development of a Circular Nutrient Solution Management System Using a Cost FunctionYeong-Hyeon Shin0Insu Kim1Myongkyoon Yang2Young-Kyun Jang3Ronaldo B. Saludes4Hak-Jin Kim5Woo-Jae Cho6Department of Biosystems Engineering, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of KoreaDepartment of Biosystems Engineering, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of KoreaDepartment of Bio-Industrial Machinery Engineering, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Republic of KoreaGreenCS, Damyang 57309, Republic of KoreaInstitute of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering, College of Engineering and Agro-Industrial Technology, University of the Philippines Los Baños, Laguna 4031, PhilippinesIntegrated Major in Global Smart Farm, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of KoreaDepartment of Biosystems Engineering, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of KoreaIn this study, an ion monitoring system using ion-selective electrodes (ISEs) was developed to maintain nutrient solutions in closed-loop hydroponic systems within plant factories. Based on this monitoring system, an algorithm and individual ion supplementation system were developed to calculate the optimal amounts of ion replenishment for crop growth. The developed algorithms adopt distinct cost functions to achieve their respective goals. The ion balance-prioritized algorithm minimizes the cost function, which is defined as the sum of the squared differences between the target ion concentrations and the calculated ion concentrations. In contrast, the carbon emission reduction algorithm minimizes the cost function defined as the total carbon emissions, which are calculated by multiplying the individual salt supplementation amounts by their respective carbon emission coefficients. Simulation results demonstrated that the ion balance-prioritized algorithm achieved average errors of 5.5 ± 5.5%, 0.4 ± 0.5%, and 5.0 ± 11.2% for Ca, NO<sub>3</sub>, and K, respectively, showing superior performance in maintaining ion balance. Meanwhile, the carbon emission reduction algorithm achieved a total of 0.064 kg CO<sub>2</sub>, representing a 50.19% reduction compared to the ion balance-prioritized type. The developed algorithms and system are expected to reduce costs by minimizing nutrient and water usage through the recycling of waste nutrient solutions. Furthermore, they are anticipated to improve crop productivity by maintaining an optimal ion composition and to contribute to sustainable agriculture through carbon emission reduction.https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4395/15/1/51recycled nutrient solutioncost functionion balance-prioritizedcarbon emission reduction prioritized |
| spellingShingle | Yeong-Hyeon Shin Insu Kim Myongkyoon Yang Young-Kyun Jang Ronaldo B. Saludes Hak-Jin Kim Woo-Jae Cho Development of a Circular Nutrient Solution Management System Using a Cost Function Agronomy recycled nutrient solution cost function ion balance-prioritized carbon emission reduction prioritized |
| title | Development of a Circular Nutrient Solution Management System Using a Cost Function |
| title_full | Development of a Circular Nutrient Solution Management System Using a Cost Function |
| title_fullStr | Development of a Circular Nutrient Solution Management System Using a Cost Function |
| title_full_unstemmed | Development of a Circular Nutrient Solution Management System Using a Cost Function |
| title_short | Development of a Circular Nutrient Solution Management System Using a Cost Function |
| title_sort | development of a circular nutrient solution management system using a cost function |
| topic | recycled nutrient solution cost function ion balance-prioritized carbon emission reduction prioritized |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4395/15/1/51 |
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