Is Breath Best? A Systematic Review on the Accuracy and Utility of Nanotechnology Based Breath Analysis of Ketones in Type 1 Diabetes
Timely ketone detection in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is critical for the effective management of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA). This systematic review evaluates the current literature on breath-based analysis for ketone detection in T1DM, highlighting nanotechnology as a potential...
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| Main Authors: | , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
MDPI AG
2025-01-01
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| Series: | Biosensors |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2079-6374/15/1/62 |
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| Summary: | Timely ketone detection in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is critical for the effective management of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA). This systematic review evaluates the current literature on breath-based analysis for ketone detection in T1DM, highlighting nanotechnology as a potential for a non-invasive alternative to blood-based ketone measurements. A comprehensive search across 5 databases identified 11 studies meeting inclusion criteria, showcasing various breath analysis techniques, such as semiconducting gas sensors, colorimetry, and nanoparticle-based chemo-resistive sensors. These studies report high sensitivity and correlation between breath acetone (BrAce) levels and blood ketones, with some demonstrating accuracies up to 94.7% and correlations reaching R<sup>2</sup> values as high as 0.98. However, significant heterogeneity in methodologies and cut-off values limits device comparability and precludes meta-analysis. Despite these challenges, the findings indicate that BrAce monitoring could offer significant clinical benefits by enabling the earlier detection of ketone buildup, reducing DKA-related hospitalisations and healthcare costs. Standardising BrAce measurement techniques and sensitivity thresholds is essential to broaden clinical adoption. This review underscores the promise of nanotechnology-based breath analysis as a transformative tool for DKA management, with potential utility across varied ketotic conditions. |
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| ISSN: | 2079-6374 |