Broad-line AGNs at 3.5 < z < 6: The Black Hole Mass Function and a Connection with Little Red Dots
We present a sample of 62 H α detected broad-line active galactic nuclei (BLAGNs) at redshifts 3.5 < z < 6.8 using data from the CEERS and RUBIES surveys. We select these sources directly from JWST/NIRSpec G395M/F290LP spectra. We use a multistep pre-selection and Bayesian fitting to ensure a...
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2025-01-01
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| author | Anthony J. Taylor Steven L. Finkelstein Dale D. Kocevski Junehyoung Jeon Volker Bromm Ricardo O. Amorín Pablo Arrabal Haro Bren E. Backhaus Micaela B. Bagley Eduardo Banados Rachana Bhatawdekar Madisyn Brooks Antonello Calabrò Óscar A. Chávez Ortiz Yingjie Cheng Nikko J. Cleri Justin W. Cole Kelcey Davis Mark Dickinson Callum Donnan James S. Dunlop Richard S. Ellis Vital Fernández Adriano Fontana Seiji Fujimoto Mauro Giavalisco Andrea Grazian Jingsong Guo Nimish P. Hathi Benne W. Holwerda Michaela Hirschmann Kohei Inayoshi Jeyhan S. Kartaltepe Yana Khusanova Anton M. Koekemoer Vasily Kokorev Rebecca L. Larson Gene C. K. Leung Ray A. Lucas Derek J. McLeod Lorenzo Napolitano Masafusa Onoue Fabio Pacucci Casey Papovich Pablo G. Pérez-González Nor Pirzkal Rachel S. Somerville Jonathan R. Trump Stephen M. Wilkins L. Y. Aaron Yung Haowen Zhang |
| author_facet | Anthony J. Taylor Steven L. Finkelstein Dale D. Kocevski Junehyoung Jeon Volker Bromm Ricardo O. Amorín Pablo Arrabal Haro Bren E. Backhaus Micaela B. Bagley Eduardo Banados Rachana Bhatawdekar Madisyn Brooks Antonello Calabrò Óscar A. Chávez Ortiz Yingjie Cheng Nikko J. Cleri Justin W. Cole Kelcey Davis Mark Dickinson Callum Donnan James S. Dunlop Richard S. Ellis Vital Fernández Adriano Fontana Seiji Fujimoto Mauro Giavalisco Andrea Grazian Jingsong Guo Nimish P. Hathi Benne W. Holwerda Michaela Hirschmann Kohei Inayoshi Jeyhan S. Kartaltepe Yana Khusanova Anton M. Koekemoer Vasily Kokorev Rebecca L. Larson Gene C. K. Leung Ray A. Lucas Derek J. McLeod Lorenzo Napolitano Masafusa Onoue Fabio Pacucci Casey Papovich Pablo G. Pérez-González Nor Pirzkal Rachel S. Somerville Jonathan R. Trump Stephen M. Wilkins L. Y. Aaron Yung Haowen Zhang |
| author_sort | Anthony J. Taylor |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | We present a sample of 62 H α detected broad-line active galactic nuclei (BLAGNs) at redshifts 3.5 < z < 6.8 using data from the CEERS and RUBIES surveys. We select these sources directly from JWST/NIRSpec G395M/F290LP spectra. We use a multistep pre-selection and Bayesian fitting to ensure a high-quality sample of sources with broad Balmer lines and narrow forbidden lines. We compute rest-frame ultraviolet and optical spectral slopes for these objects, and determine that 21 BLAGNs in our sample are also little red dots (LRDs). These LRD BLAGNs, when examined in aggregate, show broader H α line profiles and a higher fraction of broad-to-narrow component H α emission than non-LRD BLAGNs. We find that ∼90% of LRD BLAGNs are intrinsically reddened ( β _opt > 0), independent of contributions from emission lines to the broadband photometry. We construct the black hole (BH) mass function at 3.5 < z < 6 after computing robust completeness corrections. This BH mass function shows agreement with recent JWST-based BH mass functions, though we extend these earlier results to log ( M _BH / M _⊙ ) < 7. The derived BH mass function is consistent with theoretical models, indicating that the observed abundance of BHs in the early Universe may not be discrepant with physically motivated predictions. The BH mass function shape resembles a largely featureless power law, suggesting that signatures from BH seeding have been lost by redshift z ∼ 5–6. Finally, we compute the BLAGN UV luminosity function and find agreement with JWST-detected BLAGN samples from recent works, finding that BLAGN hosts constitute ≲10% of the total observed UV luminosity at all but the brightest luminosities. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-1716524f3d8c4592ad0dc6c9b039cb7e |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 1538-4357 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-01-01 |
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| series | The Astrophysical Journal |
| spelling | doaj-art-1716524f3d8c4592ad0dc6c9b039cb7e2025-08-20T03:26:15ZengIOP PublishingThe Astrophysical Journal1538-43572025-01-01986216510.3847/1538-4357/add15bBroad-line AGNs at 3.5 < z < 6: The Black Hole Mass Function and a Connection with Little Red DotsAnthony J. Taylor0https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1282-7454Steven L. Finkelstein1https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8519-1130Dale D. Kocevski2https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8360-3880Junehyoung Jeon3https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6038-5016Volker Bromm4https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0212-2979Ricardo O. Amorín5https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5758-1000Pablo Arrabal Haro6https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7959-8783Bren E. Backhaus7https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8534-7502Micaela B. Bagley8https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9921-9218Eduardo Banados9https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2931-7824Rachana Bhatawdekar10https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0883-2226Madisyn Brooks11https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5384-3616Antonello Calabrò12https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2536-1614Óscar A. Chávez Ortiz13https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2332-5505Yingjie Cheng14https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8551-071XNikko J. Cleri15https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7151-009XJustin W. Cole16https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6348-1900Kelcey Davis17https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8047-8351Mark Dickinson18https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5414-5131Callum Donnan19https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7622-0208James S. Dunlop20https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1404-5950Richard S. Ellis21https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7782-7071Vital Fernández22https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0531-5450Adriano Fontana23https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3820-2823Seiji Fujimoto24https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7201-5066Mauro Giavalisco25https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7831-8751Andrea Grazian26https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5688-0663Jingsong Guo27https://orcid.org/0009-0002-6578-8110Nimish P. Hathi28https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6145-5090Benne W. Holwerda29https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4884-6756Michaela Hirschmann30https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3301-3321Kohei Inayoshi31https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9840-4959Jeyhan S. Kartaltepe32https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9187-3605Yana Khusanova33https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7220-397XAnton M. Koekemoer34https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6610-2048Vasily Kokorev35https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5588-9156Rebecca L. Larson36https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2366-8858Gene C. K. Leung37https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9393-6507Ray A. Lucas38https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1581-7825Derek J. McLeod39https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4368-3326Lorenzo Napolitano40https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8951-4408Masafusa Onoue41https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2984-6803Fabio Pacucci42https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9879-7780Casey Papovich43https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7503-8482Pablo G. Pérez-González44https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4528-5639Nor Pirzkal45https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3382-5941Rachel S. Somerville46https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6748-6821Jonathan R. Trump47https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1410-0470Stephen M. Wilkins48https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3903-6935L. Y. Aaron Yung49https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3466-035XHaowen Zhang50https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4321-3538Department of Astronomy, The University of Texas at Austin , Austin, TX, USA ; anthony.taylor@austin.utexas.eduDepartment of Astronomy, The University of Texas at Austin , Austin, TX, USA ; anthony.taylor@austin.utexas.eduDepartment of Physics and Astronomy, Colby College , Waterville, ME 04901, USADepartment of Astronomy, The University of Texas at Austin , Austin, TX, USA ; anthony.taylor@austin.utexas.eduDepartment of Astronomy, The University of Texas at Austin , Austin, TX, USA ; anthony.taylor@austin.utexas.eduInstituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía (CSIC) , Apartado 3004, 18080 Granada, SpainNSF’s National Optical-Infrared Astronomy Research Laboratory , 950 N. Cherry Avenue, Tucson, AZ 85719, USADepartment of Physics, 196 Auditorium Road, Unit 3046, University of Connecticut , Storrs, CT 06269, USADepartment of Astronomy, The University of Texas at Austin , Austin, TX, USA ; anthony.taylor@austin.utexas.eduMax-Planck-Institut für Astronomie , Königstuhl 17, D-69117, Heidelberg, GermanyEuropean Space Agency (ESA) , European Space Astronomy Centre (ESAC), Camino Bajo del Castillo s/n, 28692 Villanueva de la Cañada, Madrid, SpainDepartment of Physics, 196 Auditorium Road, Unit 3046, University of Connecticut , Storrs, CT 06269, USAINAF—Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma , via di Frascati 33, 00078 Monte Porzio Catone, ItalyDepartment of Astronomy, The University of Texas at Austin , Austin, TX, USA ; anthony.taylor@austin.utexas.eduUniversity of Massachusetts Amherst , 710 North Pleasant Street, Amherst, MA 01003-9305, USADepartment of Astronomy and Astrophysics, The Pennsylvania State University , University Park, PA 16802, USA; Institute for Computational and Data Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University , University Park, PA 16802, USA; Institute for Gravitation and the Cosmos, The Pennsylvania State University , University Park, PA 16802, USADepartment of Physics and Astronomy, Texas A&M University , College Station, TX 77843-4242, USA; George P. and Cynthia Woods Mitchell Institute for Fundamental Physics and Astronomy, Texas A&M University , College Station, TX 77843-4242, USADepartment of Physics, 196 Auditorium Road, Unit 3046, University of Connecticut , Storrs, CT 06269, USANSF’s National Optical-Infrared Astronomy Research Laboratory , 950 N. Cherry Avenue, Tucson, AZ 85719, USAInstitute for Astronomy, University of Edinburgh , Royal Observatory, Edinburgh EH9 3HJ, UKSUPA, Institute for Astronomy, University of Edinburgh , Royal Observatory, Edinburgh EH9 3HJ, UKDepartment of Physics and Astronomy, University College London , Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UKInstituto de Investigación Multidisciplinar en Ciencia y Tecnología , Universidad de La Serena, Raul Bitrán 1305, La Serena 2204000, ChileINAF—Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma , via di Frascati 33, 00078 Monte Porzio Catone, ItalyDepartment of Astronomy, The University of Texas at Austin , Austin, TX, USA ; anthony.taylor@austin.utexas.eduUniversity of Massachusetts Amherst , 710 North Pleasant Street, Amherst, MA 01003-9305, USAINAF—Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova , Vicolo dell’Osservatorio 5, I-35122, Padova, ItalyDepartment of Astronomy, School of Physics, Peking University , Beijing 100871, People’s Republic of ChinaSpace Telescope Science Institute , 3700 San Martin Drive, Baltimore, MD 21218, USAPhysics & Astronomy Department, University of Louisville , Louisville, KY 40292, USAInstitute of Physics , Laboratory of Galaxy Evolution, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Observatoire de Sauverny, 1290 Versoix, SwitzerlandKavli Institute for Astronomy and Astrophysics, Peking University , Beijing 100871, People’s Republic of ChinaLaboratory for Multiwavelength Astrophysics, School of Physics and Astronomy, Rochester Institute of Technology , 84 Lomb Memorial Drive, Rochester, NY 14623, USAMax-Planck-Institut für Astronomie , Königstuhl 17, D-69117, Heidelberg, GermanySpace Telescope Science Institute , 3700 San Martin Drive, Baltimore, MD 21218, USADepartment of Astronomy, The University of Texas at Austin , Austin, TX, USA ; anthony.taylor@austin.utexas.eduDepartment of Astronomy, The University of Texas at Austin , Austin, TX, USA ; anthony.taylor@austin.utexas.edu; NSF Graduate FellowDepartment of Astronomy, The University of Texas at Austin , Austin, TX, USA ; anthony.taylor@austin.utexas.edu; MIT Kavli Institute for Astrophysics and Space Research , 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USASpace Telescope Science Institute , 3700 San Martin Drive, Baltimore, MD 21218, USAInstitute for Astronomy, University of Edinburgh , Royal Observatory, Edinburgh EH9 3HJ, UKINAF—Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma , via di Frascati 33, 00078 Monte Porzio Catone, Italy; Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Roma Sapienza , Città Universitaria di Roma - Sapienza, Piazzale Aldo Moro, 2, 00185, Roma, ItalyKavli Institute for Astronomy and Astrophysics, Peking University , Beijing 100871, People’s Republic of China; Kavli Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe (Kavli IPMU , WPI), The University of Tokyo Institutes for Advanced Study, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8583, Japan; Center for Data-Driven Discovery, Kavli IPMU (WPI), UTIAS, The University of Tokyo , Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8583, JapanCenter for Astrophysics—Harvard & Smithsonian , 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Black Hole Initiative, Harvard University , 20 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USADepartment of Physics and Astronomy, Texas A&M University , College Station, TX 77843-4242, USA; George P. and Cynthia Woods Mitchell Institute for Fundamental Physics and Astronomy, Texas A&M University , College Station, TX 77843-4242, USACentro de Astrobiología (CAB) , CSIC-INTA, Ctra. de Ajalvir km 4, Torrejón de Ardoz, E-28850, Madrid, SpainESA/AURA Space Telescope Science Institute , USACenter for Computational Astrophysics, Flatiron Institute , 162 5th Avenue, New York, NY 10010, USADepartment of Physics, 196 Auditorium Road, Unit 3046, University of Connecticut , Storrs, CT 06269, USAAstronomy Centre, University of Sussex , Falmer, Brighton BN1 9QH, UK; Institute of Space Sciences and Astronomy, University of Malta , Msida MSD 2080, MaltaSpace Telescope Science Institute , 3700 San Martin Drive, Baltimore, MD 21218, USASteward Observatory, University of Arizona , 933 N Cherry Avenue, Tucson, AZ 85721, USAWe present a sample of 62 H α detected broad-line active galactic nuclei (BLAGNs) at redshifts 3.5 < z < 6.8 using data from the CEERS and RUBIES surveys. We select these sources directly from JWST/NIRSpec G395M/F290LP spectra. We use a multistep pre-selection and Bayesian fitting to ensure a high-quality sample of sources with broad Balmer lines and narrow forbidden lines. We compute rest-frame ultraviolet and optical spectral slopes for these objects, and determine that 21 BLAGNs in our sample are also little red dots (LRDs). These LRD BLAGNs, when examined in aggregate, show broader H α line profiles and a higher fraction of broad-to-narrow component H α emission than non-LRD BLAGNs. We find that ∼90% of LRD BLAGNs are intrinsically reddened ( β _opt > 0), independent of contributions from emission lines to the broadband photometry. We construct the black hole (BH) mass function at 3.5 < z < 6 after computing robust completeness corrections. This BH mass function shows agreement with recent JWST-based BH mass functions, though we extend these earlier results to log ( M _BH / M _⊙ ) < 7. The derived BH mass function is consistent with theoretical models, indicating that the observed abundance of BHs in the early Universe may not be discrepant with physically motivated predictions. The BH mass function shape resembles a largely featureless power law, suggesting that signatures from BH seeding have been lost by redshift z ∼ 5–6. Finally, we compute the BLAGN UV luminosity function and find agreement with JWST-detected BLAGN samples from recent works, finding that BLAGN hosts constitute ≲10% of the total observed UV luminosity at all but the brightest luminosities.https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/add15bSupermassive black holesQuasarsActive galactic nucleiBroad band photometryHigh-redshift galaxy clustersHigh-redshift galaxies |
| spellingShingle | Anthony J. Taylor Steven L. Finkelstein Dale D. Kocevski Junehyoung Jeon Volker Bromm Ricardo O. Amorín Pablo Arrabal Haro Bren E. Backhaus Micaela B. Bagley Eduardo Banados Rachana Bhatawdekar Madisyn Brooks Antonello Calabrò Óscar A. Chávez Ortiz Yingjie Cheng Nikko J. Cleri Justin W. Cole Kelcey Davis Mark Dickinson Callum Donnan James S. Dunlop Richard S. Ellis Vital Fernández Adriano Fontana Seiji Fujimoto Mauro Giavalisco Andrea Grazian Jingsong Guo Nimish P. Hathi Benne W. Holwerda Michaela Hirschmann Kohei Inayoshi Jeyhan S. Kartaltepe Yana Khusanova Anton M. Koekemoer Vasily Kokorev Rebecca L. Larson Gene C. K. Leung Ray A. Lucas Derek J. McLeod Lorenzo Napolitano Masafusa Onoue Fabio Pacucci Casey Papovich Pablo G. Pérez-González Nor Pirzkal Rachel S. Somerville Jonathan R. Trump Stephen M. Wilkins L. Y. Aaron Yung Haowen Zhang Broad-line AGNs at 3.5 < z < 6: The Black Hole Mass Function and a Connection with Little Red Dots The Astrophysical Journal Supermassive black holes Quasars Active galactic nuclei Broad band photometry High-redshift galaxy clusters High-redshift galaxies |
| title | Broad-line AGNs at 3.5 < z < 6: The Black Hole Mass Function and a Connection with Little Red Dots |
| title_full | Broad-line AGNs at 3.5 < z < 6: The Black Hole Mass Function and a Connection with Little Red Dots |
| title_fullStr | Broad-line AGNs at 3.5 < z < 6: The Black Hole Mass Function and a Connection with Little Red Dots |
| title_full_unstemmed | Broad-line AGNs at 3.5 < z < 6: The Black Hole Mass Function and a Connection with Little Red Dots |
| title_short | Broad-line AGNs at 3.5 < z < 6: The Black Hole Mass Function and a Connection with Little Red Dots |
| title_sort | broad line agns at 3 5 z 6 the black hole mass function and a connection with little red dots |
| topic | Supermassive black holes Quasars Active galactic nuclei Broad band photometry High-redshift galaxy clusters High-redshift galaxies |
| url | https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/add15b |
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