Pattern of antibiotic dispensing at pharmacies according to access, watch, reserve (AWaRe) classification: multicenter study after COVID-19 waves in different districts of Pakistan
Abstract Objective The dispensing of non-prescription antibiotics is a worldwide concern, and antibiotics should only be dispensed with a legitimate prescription. Methodology A cross-sectional study was conducted using the simulated client methodology, with data collected, recorded, and analyzed usi...
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2025-01-01
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| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.1186/s13104-024-07030-0 |
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| author | Faiz Ullah Khan Farman Ullah Khan Aqsa Sajjad Tawseef Ahmad Tauqeer Hussain Mallhi Sayyad Ali Kamran Hidayat Ullah Shahid Shah |
| author_facet | Faiz Ullah Khan Farman Ullah Khan Aqsa Sajjad Tawseef Ahmad Tauqeer Hussain Mallhi Sayyad Ali Kamran Hidayat Ullah Shahid Shah |
| author_sort | Faiz Ullah Khan |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Abstract Objective The dispensing of non-prescription antibiotics is a worldwide concern, and antibiotics should only be dispensed with a legitimate prescription. Methodology A cross-sectional study was conducted using the simulated client methodology, with data collected, recorded, and analyzed using SPSS. Results The simulated client visited 210 pharmacies, of which 70 dispensed antibiotics without a prescription. Outcomes The most often suggested antibiotics for upper respiratory tract infections (URTIs) were Amoxicillin (n = 17, 8.1%), Clarithromycin (n = 20, 9.5%), and Moxifloxacin (n = 13, 6.2%), with 33.3% of medications dispensed without a prescription for URTIs. Cefixime (n = 20, 9.5%) and ceftriaxone (n = 17, 8.1%) were the most often administered medications for urinary tract infections (UTIs). The non-prescribed dispensing of upper respiratory tract infections (URTIs) and urinary tract infections (UTIs) was markedly elevated (p < 0.05). Antibiotics were dispensed without a prescription for diarrheal diseases in over 50% of pharmacies, with Metronidazole (n = 23, 11%), Azithromycin (n = 16, 7.6%), and Rifaximin (n = 15, 7.1%) being the most often prescribed. In all bivariate and multivariate models, male gender was associated with reduced likelihood (COR: 0.30, 95% CI: 0.12–0.72; p = 0.0079 and AOR: 0.03, 95% CI: 0.005–0.15; p = 0.0001). Individuals aged 30 years and older exhibited increased odds of dispensing in both bivariate (COR: 3.67, 95% CI: 1.69–8.87; p = 0.0018) and multivariate analyses (AOR: 9.44, 95% CI: 2.55–61.70; p = 0.001). The presence of a pharmacist on duty markedly diminished the likelihood of administering antibiotics without a prescription (COR: 0.13, 95% CI: 0.06–0.25; p = < 0.001; AOR: 0.06, 95% CI: 0.03–0.16; p = < 0.001). Conclusion These findings highlight the imperative of enforcing existing laws and implementing rigorous rules, alongside pharmacy-centered antimicrobial stewardship programs that focus on accurate dispensing practices to mitigate antimicrobial resistance. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-14f73a33649b48d6a78f28a6d772e0a4 |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 1756-0500 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-01-01 |
| publisher | BMC |
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| spelling | doaj-art-14f73a33649b48d6a78f28a6d772e0a42025-02-02T12:07:08ZengBMCBMC Research Notes1756-05002025-01-011811810.1186/s13104-024-07030-0Pattern of antibiotic dispensing at pharmacies according to access, watch, reserve (AWaRe) classification: multicenter study after COVID-19 waves in different districts of PakistanFaiz Ullah Khan0Farman Ullah Khan1Aqsa Sajjad2Tawseef Ahmad3Tauqeer Hussain Mallhi4Sayyad Ali5Kamran Hidayat Ullah6Shahid Shah7Department of Pharmacy Administration and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking UniversityDepartment of Pharmacy Administration and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Xi’an Jiaotong UniversityDepartment of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Government College University FaisalabadDepartment of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Prince of Songkla UniversityDepartment of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Al-Jouf Province, Jouf UniversityMuhammad Islam College of PharmacyDepartment of Pharmacy Administration and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking UniversityDepartment of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Government College University FaisalabadAbstract Objective The dispensing of non-prescription antibiotics is a worldwide concern, and antibiotics should only be dispensed with a legitimate prescription. Methodology A cross-sectional study was conducted using the simulated client methodology, with data collected, recorded, and analyzed using SPSS. Results The simulated client visited 210 pharmacies, of which 70 dispensed antibiotics without a prescription. Outcomes The most often suggested antibiotics for upper respiratory tract infections (URTIs) were Amoxicillin (n = 17, 8.1%), Clarithromycin (n = 20, 9.5%), and Moxifloxacin (n = 13, 6.2%), with 33.3% of medications dispensed without a prescription for URTIs. Cefixime (n = 20, 9.5%) and ceftriaxone (n = 17, 8.1%) were the most often administered medications for urinary tract infections (UTIs). The non-prescribed dispensing of upper respiratory tract infections (URTIs) and urinary tract infections (UTIs) was markedly elevated (p < 0.05). Antibiotics were dispensed without a prescription for diarrheal diseases in over 50% of pharmacies, with Metronidazole (n = 23, 11%), Azithromycin (n = 16, 7.6%), and Rifaximin (n = 15, 7.1%) being the most often prescribed. In all bivariate and multivariate models, male gender was associated with reduced likelihood (COR: 0.30, 95% CI: 0.12–0.72; p = 0.0079 and AOR: 0.03, 95% CI: 0.005–0.15; p = 0.0001). Individuals aged 30 years and older exhibited increased odds of dispensing in both bivariate (COR: 3.67, 95% CI: 1.69–8.87; p = 0.0018) and multivariate analyses (AOR: 9.44, 95% CI: 2.55–61.70; p = 0.001). The presence of a pharmacist on duty markedly diminished the likelihood of administering antibiotics without a prescription (COR: 0.13, 95% CI: 0.06–0.25; p = < 0.001; AOR: 0.06, 95% CI: 0.03–0.16; p = < 0.001). Conclusion These findings highlight the imperative of enforcing existing laws and implementing rigorous rules, alongside pharmacy-centered antimicrobial stewardship programs that focus on accurate dispensing practices to mitigate antimicrobial resistance.https://doi.org/10.1186/s13104-024-07030-0AntibioticsWithout prescription antibiotics dispensingAWaRe classificationUrinary tract infectionUpper respiratory tract infectionDiarrheal infections |
| spellingShingle | Faiz Ullah Khan Farman Ullah Khan Aqsa Sajjad Tawseef Ahmad Tauqeer Hussain Mallhi Sayyad Ali Kamran Hidayat Ullah Shahid Shah Pattern of antibiotic dispensing at pharmacies according to access, watch, reserve (AWaRe) classification: multicenter study after COVID-19 waves in different districts of Pakistan BMC Research Notes Antibiotics Without prescription antibiotics dispensing AWaRe classification Urinary tract infection Upper respiratory tract infection Diarrheal infections |
| title | Pattern of antibiotic dispensing at pharmacies according to access, watch, reserve (AWaRe) classification: multicenter study after COVID-19 waves in different districts of Pakistan |
| title_full | Pattern of antibiotic dispensing at pharmacies according to access, watch, reserve (AWaRe) classification: multicenter study after COVID-19 waves in different districts of Pakistan |
| title_fullStr | Pattern of antibiotic dispensing at pharmacies according to access, watch, reserve (AWaRe) classification: multicenter study after COVID-19 waves in different districts of Pakistan |
| title_full_unstemmed | Pattern of antibiotic dispensing at pharmacies according to access, watch, reserve (AWaRe) classification: multicenter study after COVID-19 waves in different districts of Pakistan |
| title_short | Pattern of antibiotic dispensing at pharmacies according to access, watch, reserve (AWaRe) classification: multicenter study after COVID-19 waves in different districts of Pakistan |
| title_sort | pattern of antibiotic dispensing at pharmacies according to access watch reserve aware classification multicenter study after covid 19 waves in different districts of pakistan |
| topic | Antibiotics Without prescription antibiotics dispensing AWaRe classification Urinary tract infection Upper respiratory tract infection Diarrheal infections |
| url | https://doi.org/10.1186/s13104-024-07030-0 |
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