Responsive early childhood parenting, preschool enrollment, and eventual student learning outcomes: a cross-country analysis using hierarchical linear modeling with TIMSS 2019 data

Abstract This paper examines whether parental engagement in early childhood and preschooling act as substitutes, or whether their joint effect enhances students’ learning outcomes. We utilize the TIMSS 2019 dataset and employ a hierarchical linear modeling (HLM) approach to analyze data from 52 coun...

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Bibliographic Details
Main Authors: Aditi Bhutoria, Nayyaf Aljabri, Saheli Bose
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: SpringerOpen 2025-05-01
Series:International Journal of Child Care and Education Policy
Subjects:
Online Access:https://doi.org/10.1186/s40723-025-00141-6
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